40 yttrium ← zirconium → niobium Ti ↑ Zr ↓ Hf Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	zirconium, Zr, 40
Chemical series	transition metals
Group, Period, Block	4, 5, d
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight	91.224(2) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d2 5s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	6.52 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	5.8 g·cm−3
Melting point	2128 K (1855 °C, 3371 °F)
Boiling point	4682 K (4409 °C, 7968 °F)
Heat of fusion	14 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	573 kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 25.36 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 2639 2891 3197 3575 4053 4678
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	4 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	1.33 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 640.1 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1270 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 2218 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	155 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	206 pm
Covalent radius	148 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 421 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 22.6 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 5.7 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 3800 m/s
Young's modulus	68 GPa
Shear modulus	33 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs hardness	5.0
Vickers hardness	903 MPa
Brinell hardness	650 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-67-7
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of zirconium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 88Zr syn 83.4 d ε - 88Y γ 0.392D - 89Zr syn 78.4 h ε - 89Y β+ 0.902 89Y γ 0.909D - 90Zr 51.45% Zr is stable with 50 neutrons 91Zr 11.22% Zr is stable with 51 neutrons 92Zr 17.15% Zr is stable with 52 neutrons 93Zr syn 1.53×106y β- 0.060 93Nb 94Zr 17.38% Zr is stable with 54 neutrons 96Zr 2.8% >3.9×1020y β-β-  ? 96Mo
References

Zirconium (IPA: /zəˈkəʊniəm, ˌzɛːˈkəʊniəm, zɜːɹ'kəʊniəm) is a chemical element in the modern periodic table that is assigned the symbol Zr and has the atomic number 40. A lustrous gray-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium, zirconium is obtained chiefly from zircon and is very corrosion resistant. Zirconium is primarily used in nuclear reactors due to its resistance to corrosion and low neutron cross-section. General Name, Symbol, Number yttrium, Y, 39 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 3, 5, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 88. ... General Name, Symbol, Number niobium, Nb, 41 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 92. ... General Name, Symbol, Number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 47. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hafnium, Hf, 72 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 6, d Appearance gray steel Atomic mass 178. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Zirconium User:Femto/elements e6 Categories: GFDL images ... This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ... An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... A table of chemical elements ordered by atomic number and color coded according to type of element. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc, cadmium and mercury. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... A Group 4 element is an element in periodic table group 4 (IUPAC style) in the periodic table, which consists of: titanium (22) zirconium (40) hafnium (72) rutherfordium (104) All of these elements are classed in Group 4 because their valence shell holds four electrons. ... A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... D Block is a rap group based in Yonkers, New York. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Zirconium sample. ... The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom at rest, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 60. ... Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (eg, a crystal). ... General Name, Symbol, Number krypton, Kr, 36 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 4, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 83. ... e- redirects here. ... Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... In physics, density is mass m per unit volume V. For the common case of a homogeneous substance, it is expressed as: where, in SI units: ρ (rho) is the density of the substance, measured in kg·m-3 m is the mass of the substance, measured in kg V is... Room temperature describes a certain temperature within enclosed space that is uses for various purposes by human beings. ... In physics, density is mass m per unit volume V. For the common case of a homogeneous substance, it is expressed as: where, in SI units: ρ (rho) is the density of the substance, measured in kg·m-3 m is the mass of the substance, measured in kg V is... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The kelvin (symbol: K) is a unit increment of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas throughout the bulk of the liquid at a given pressure. ... The kelvin (symbol: K) is a unit increment of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. ... Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ... Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724. ... Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three. ... The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ... The standard enthalpy change of vaporization, ΔvHo, also (less correctly) known as the heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas. ... The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In chemistry and physics, Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... The oxidation number of an element in a molecule or complex is the charge that it would have if all the ligands (basically, atoms that donate electrons) were removed along with the electron pairs that were shared with the central atom[1]. It is used in the inorganic nomenclature of... In chemistry, an amphoteric substance is one that can react with either an acid or base (more generally, the word describes something made of, or acting like, two components). ... Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ... These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... Covalent radius in chemistry corresponds to half of the distance between two identical atomic nuclei, bound by a covalent bond. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with magnet. ... // Headline text POOP!! Danny Hornsby (also known as Gnome) is a measure indicating how strongly a Gnome can opposes the flow of electric current. ... In physics, thermal conductivity, k, is the intensive property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat. ... During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. ... The speed of sound is a term used to describe the speed of sound waves passing through an elastic medium. ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ... In solid mechanics, Youngs modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. ... In materials science, shear modulus S, sometimes referred to as the modulus of rigidity, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain: S = shear stress/shear strain = (F/A)/Φ. Another commonly accepted symbol is G. Shear modulus is usually measured in ksi (kips per square... Figure 1: Rectangular specimen subject to compression, with Poissons ratio circa 0. ... The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. ... A Vickers hardness tester The Vickers hardness test was developed in the early 1920s as an alternative method to measure the hardness of materials. ... The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Zirconium (Zr) Standard atomic mass: 91. ... Isotopes are any of the several different forms of an element each having different atomic mass (mass number). ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... The electronvolt (symbol eV, or, rarely and incorrectly, ev) is a unit of energy. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 106 seconds (a megasecond) and 107 seconds (11. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron... General Name, Symbol, Number yttrium, Y, 39 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 3, 5, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 88. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... Delayed nuclear radiation can occur in a nuclear decay. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 105 seconds and 106 seconds (27. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron... General Name, Symbol, Number yttrium, Y, 39 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 3, 5, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 88. ... Positron emission is a type of beta decay, sometimes referred to as beta plus (β+). In beta plus decay, a proton is converted to a neutron via the weak nuclear force and a beta plus particle (a positron) and a neutrino are emitted. ... General Name, Symbol, Number yttrium, Y, 39 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 3, 5, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 88. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... Delayed nuclear radiation can occur in a nuclear decay. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 320 000 years and 3 200 000 years (1013 seconds and 1014 seconds) See also times of other orders of magnitude. ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... General Name, Symbol, Number niobium, Nb, 41 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 92. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... (Redirected from 1 E19 s) To help compare orders of magnitude of different times, this page lists times longer than 1019 seconds (320,000 million years) See also times of other orders of magnitude. ... In the process of beta decay unstable nuclei decay by converting a neutron in the nucleus to a proton and emitting an electron and anti-neutrino. ... General Name, Symbol, Number molybdenum, Mo, 42 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 95. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element for short, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... Monument to the periodic table, in front of the Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia. ... It has been suggested that List of elements by atomic number be merged into this article or section. ... In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc, cadmium and mercury. ... General Name, Symbol, Number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 47. ... Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. ... Core of a small nuclear reactor used for research. ... See corrosive for the hazard. ... The neutron cross section of an element is the effective cross sectional area that an atom of that element presents to a neutron. ...

Characteristics

Zirconium is a grayish-white metal, lustrous and exceptionally corrosion resistant. Zirconium is lighter than steel and its hardness is similar to copper. When it is finely divided, the metal can spontaneously ignite in air, especially at high temperatures (it is much more difficult to ignite the solid metal). Zirconium zinc alloy becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35 K. Oxidation state of zirconium is usually +4, although +3 and +2 can also be obtained. Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 4, d Appearance metallic pinkish red Standard atomic weight 63. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with magnet. ... The kelvin (symbol: K) is a unit increment of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. ...

Applications

Cubic zirconia, ZrO₂

The major end uses of zircon (ZrSiO₄) are refractories, foundry sands (including investment casting), and ceramic opacification. Zircon is also marketed as a natural gemstone used in jewelry, and its oxide is processed to produce cubic zirconia (shown at left), which forms a brilliant clear crystal used as a low-cost substitute for diamond. Photo of a round brilliant-cut cubic zirconia by Gregory Phillips. ... Photo of a round brilliant-cut cubic zirconia by Gregory Phillips. ... It has been suggested that Silicons ranking be merged into this article or section. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Casting may be used to create artistic sculptures Casting is a manufacturing process by which a molten material such as metal or plastic is introduced into a mold, allowed to solidify within the mold, and then ejected or broken out to make a fabricated part. ... Fixed Partial Denture, or Bridge The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos). ... A selection of gemstone pebbles made by tumbling rough rock with abrasive grit, in a rotating drum. ... Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ... A round brilliant-cut cubic zirconia Cubic zirconia (or CZ) is zirconium oxide (ZrO2), a mineral that is extremely rare in nature but is widely synthesized for use as a diamond simulant. ... This article is about the gemstone. ...

Other uses

• Zirconium has a low absorption cross section for thermal neutrons^[1], which makes it ideal for nuclear energy uses, such as cladding fuel elements. More than 90% of zirconium metal production is consumed by commercial nuclear power generation. Modern commercial scale reactors can use as much as a 150,000 meters of zirconium alloy (Zircaloy) tubing. Reactor-grade zirconium has to be purified of hafnium, which has 600 times higher neutron cross-section; a hafnium-free zirconium can be 10 times more expensive than zirconium with naturally occurring 1-5% of hafnium.
• Human tissues can easily tolerate this metal which makes it suitable for biocompatible implants. In one such application (Oxinium), zirconium metal (alloyed with niobium) is intentionally oxidized to produce an abrasion-resistant, high-integrity zirconium oxide ceramic surface on total hip or total knee replacement devices. The ceramic surface decreases wear of the polyethylene counterface, while the substrate retains the strength and ductility of a metal.
• Extensively used by the chemical industry for piping in corrosive environments.
• Zirconium is pyrophoric (flammable) and has been used in military incendiaries such as Dragon's Breath. It is also planned for use in the baseline variant of the AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon for incendiary effects.
• Its carbonate was used in poison-ivy lotions until it was evident that many people are allergic. (allergies greatly vary between people)
• Impure zirconium oxide, Zirconia, is used to make laboratory crucibles that can withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the ceramic and glass industries as a refractory material.
• Also used in heat exchangers, as a "getter" in vacuum tubes, in lamp filaments and various specialty alloys.
• When alloyed with niobium, zirconium becomes superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets with possible large-scale electrical power uses.
• Zirconium Diamide-Diamine complexes can be used to catalyse the polymerisation of alkenes, especially ethene, when activated with Trityl-BArF.
• Zirconium nitride has been used more recently as an alternative to titanium nitride for coating drill bits. Both coatings are supposed to keep the bit sharper and cooler during cutting.
• Bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium(IV) chloride hydride (Schwartz's Reagent) is a commercially available metallocene used in the hydrozirconation of alkenes and alkynes.
• Bicycle manufacturers incorporate zirconium-aluminum alloys in their high end bicycle frames. This combination provides the frame with tougher durability; likewise, the frame becomes lighter and much stronger. Zirconium is also used in the manufacture of high strength lacrosse sticks.
• Zirconium is also applied in the molecule Aluminium Zirconium Octachlorohydrex GLY, which is an anti-perspirant.
• Zirconium is also used to line shaped charges

In 2007, Zirconium costs about $150/kg In nuclear and particle physics, the concept of a cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between particles. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Nuclear energy is energy released from the atomic nucleus. ... The term cladding can have a number of meanings: Regarding optical fiber in telecommunication, cladding is one or more layers of material of lower refractive index, in intimate contact with a core material of higher refractive index. ... Nuclear power station at Leibstadt, Switzerland. ... Zircaloy, also incorrectly called zircalloy, is a group of of high-zirconium alloys. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hafnium, Hf, 72 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 6, d Appearance gray steel Atomic mass 178. ... Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application. ... An implant is an artificial device made to replace and act as a missing biological structure. ... This article reads like an advertisement. ... General Name, Symbol, Number niobium, Nb, 41 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 92. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... See corrosive for the hazard. ... A pyrophoric substance is a substance that ignites spontaneously, that is, its autoignition temperature is below room temperature. ... Incendiary refers to any fire that has been deliberately set. ... A Dragons Breath usually refers to a shotgun round that is inserted, as normal, into the magazine of a shotgun. ... AGM-154 JSOW The Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) was a joint venture of the United States Navy and Air Force to deploy a standardized medium range precision guided weapon, especially for engagement of defended targets at ranges outside that of standard anti-aircraft defenses, thereby increasing aircraft survivability and minimizing... In organic chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid. ... Binomial name Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Poisonivy (Toxicodendron radicans or Rhus toxicodendron), in the family Anacardiaceae, is a woody vine that is well-known for its ability to produce urushiol, a skin irritant which for most people will cause an agonizing, itching rash. ... Zirconia (ZrO2) is a white crystalline oxide of zirconium. ... Crucibles used in Czochralski method A crucible is a cup-shaped piece of laboratory equipment used to contain chemical compounds when heating them to very high temperatures. ... Heat shock proteins are a part of the cells internal repair mechanism. ... A furnace is a device for heating air or any other fluid. ... Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colors as shown in this sphere from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ... In metallurgy, refraction is a property of metals that indicates their ability to withstand heat. ... A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one fluid to another, whether the fluids are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix, or the fluids are directly contacted. ... To prevent any remaining gases from remaining in a free state in a vacuum tube, modern tubes are constructed with getters, which are usually small, circular troughs filled with metals that oxidize quickly, with barium being the most common. ... In electronics, a vacuum tube or (outside North America) thermionic valve or just valve, is a device generally used to amplify, switch or otherwise modify, a signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space. ... Filaments surrounding a solar flare, caused by the interaction of the plasma in the Suns atmopshere with its magnetic field. ... An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... General Name, Symbol, Number niobium, Nb, 41 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 5, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 92. ... Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of electrical resistance and the damping of the interior magnetic field (the Meissner effect. ... Transmission lines in Lund, Sweden Electric power, often known as power or electricity, involves the production and delivery of electrical energy in sufficient quantities to operate domestic appliances, office equipment, industrial machinery and provide sufficient energy for both domestic and commercial lighting, heating, cooking and industrial processes. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... Polymerization is the formation of long, repeating organic polymer chains. ... The chemical structure of ethylene, the simplest alkene. ... Ethylene or ethene is the simplest alkene hydrocarbon, consisting of two carbon atoms and four hydrogens. ... Zirconium nitride, ZrN, is a nitride of zirconium. ... TiN coated drill Dark gray TiCN coating on a Gerber pocketknife Titanium nitride (TiN) is an extremely hard (~85 Rockwell C Hardness or ~2500 Vickers Hardness)1, ceramic material, often used as a coating on titanium alloy, steel, carbide, and aluminum components to improve the substrates surface properties. ... Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes. ... Schwartzs Reagent is the common name for bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium(IV) chloride hydride). ... In chemistry, and in particular, in organometallic chemistry, a metallocene is a compound consisting of an aromatic organic ligand bound to a metal. ... An alkene is one of the three classes of unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond and have the general molecular formula of CnH2n (the other two being alkynes and arenes). ... Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. ... “Velo” redirects here. ... Aluminum is a soft and lightweight metal with a dull silvery appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air. ... An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resultant material has metallic properties. ... Steel frame and carbon fiber fork of 2000 LeMond Zurich racing bicycle // A bicycle frame is the main component of a bicycle, onto which wheels and other components are fitted. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stick deodorant Roll-on deodorant Deodorants are cosmetic substances applied to the body, most frequently the armpits, to reduce the body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration. ... Sectioned HEAT round with the inner shaped charge visible A shaped charge is an explosive charge shaped to focus the effect of the explosives energy. ...

Hafnium-free zirconium

Reactor-grade zirconium alloys must be made of purified zirconium free of hafnium contamination, as hafnium has very high neutron absorption cross-section, 600 times higher than zirconium. Commercial zirconium naturally contains 1-5% of hafnium which has to be removed. This removal process is difficult (zirconium and hafnium are two of the most difficult elements to separate). Two main process are in use: liquid-liquid extraction, exploiting the difference of solubility of metal thiocyanates in methyl isobutyl ketone, used mainly in United States, and extractive distillation, used primarily in Europe. The resulting reactor-grade zirconium is about 10 times as expensive as the hafnium-contaminated commercial grade. The separated hafnium is used for control rods. The zirconium is used mostly almost pure, in the form of low alloys, most often from the zircaloy group. Core of a small nuclear reactor used for research. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hafnium, Hf, 72 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 6, d Appearance gray steel Atomic mass 178. ... Liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their solution preferences for two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. ... Thiocyanate (also known as sulphocyanate or thiocyanide) is both an anion SCN- and, in organic chemistry, a functional group: An example of the anion is found in potassium thiocyanate, KSCN. Thiocyanate is analogous to the cyanate ion, OCN-, wherein oxygen is replaced by sulfur. ... A pollutant that the government wants added to ethanol alcohol to prevent it from being used as a beverage, but only as a vehicle fuel instead. ... Extractive Distillation is defined as distillation in the presence of a miscible, high boiling, relatively non-volatile component, the solvent, that forms no azeotrope with the other components in the mixture. ... A control rod is a rod made of a chemical element capable of absorbing many neutrons without decaying themselves. ... Zircaloy, also incorrectly called zircalloy, is a group of of high-zirconium alloys. ...

History

Zirconium (Arabic zarkûn from Persian zargûn زرگون meaning "gold like") was discovered in 1789 by Martin Heinrich Klaproth and isolated in 1824 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius. Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Persian (Local names: فارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... This article or section should be merged with Timeline of chemical element discovery The story of the discoveries of the chemical elements is presented here in chronological order. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Martin Heinrich Klaproth Martin Heinrich Klaproth (December 1, 1743 – January 1, 1817) was a German chemist. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Jöns Jakob Berzelius Statue of Berzelius in the centre of Berzelii Park, Stockholm Jöns Jakob Berzelius (August 20, 1779 - August 7, 1848) was a Swedish chemist. ...

The zirconium-containing mineral zircon, or its variations (jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure), were mentioned in biblical writings. The mineral was not known to contain a new element until Klaproth analyzed a jargon from Ceylon in the Indian Ocean. He named the new element Zirkonertz (zirconia). The impure metal was isolated first by Berzelius by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small decomposition process conducted in an iron tube. Pure zirconium wasn't prepared until 1914. Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. ... General Name, Symbol, Number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... General Name, Symbol, Number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

The crystal bar process (or Iodide process), discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925, was the first industrial process for the commercial production of pure ductile metallic zirconium. It was superseded by the Kroll process. The crystal bar process (or Iodide process) was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hedrik de Boer in 1925. ... Anton Eduard van Arkel, (s-Gravenzande Netherlands, November 19, 1893 – Leiden, March 14, 1976) was a Dutch chemist. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used produce metallic titanium and was invented in 1940 by William J. Kroll, at the Albany Research center in Oregon. ...

Occurrence

Zirconium is never found in nature as a free metal. The principal economic source of zirconium is the zirconium silicate mineral, zircon (ZrSiO₄), which is found in deposits located in Australia, Brazil, India, Russia, and the United States. (It is extracted as a dark sooty powder, or as a gray metallic crystalline substance). Zirconium and hafnium are contained in zircon at a ratio of about 50 to 1 and are difficult to separate. Zircon is a coproduct or byproduct of the mining and processing of heavy-mineral sands for the titanium minerals, ilmenite and rutile, or tin minerals. Zirconium is also in 30 other recognized mineral species including baddeleyite. This metal is commercially produced by reduction of the Zirconium(IV) chloride with magnesium in the Kroll process, and through other methods. Commercial-quality zirconium still has a content of 1 to 3% hafnium. General Name, Symbol, Number hafnium, Hf, 72 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 6, d Appearance gray steel Atomic mass 178. ... This article is about mineral extraction. ... General Name, Symbol, Number titanium, Ti, 22 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 47. ... Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic iron-black or steel-gray mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. ... Rutile in trellis texture characteristic of secondary rutile. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tin, Sn, 50 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Standard atomic weight 118. ... Baddeleyite is a mineral that consists of zirconia (ZrO2). ... The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. ... General Name, Symbol, Number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used produce metallic titanium and was invented in 1940 by William J. Kroll, at the Albany Research center in Oregon. ...

This element is also abundant in S-type stars and has been detected in the sun and meteorites. Lunar rock samples brought back from several Apollo program missions to the moon have a very high zirconium oxide content relative to terrestrial rocks. STAR is an acronym for: Organizations Society for Telescopy, Astronomy, and Radio, a non-profit New Jersey astronomy club. ... The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. ... Willamette Meteorite A meteorite is a natural object originating in outer space that survives an impact with the Earths surface without being destroyed. ... The rocky side of a mountain creek near Orosí, Costa Rica. ... Description Role: Earth and Lunar Orbit Crew: 3; CDR, CM pilot, LM pilot Dimensions Height: 36. ... Apparent magnitude: up to -12. ...

See also zirconium minerals.

Isotopes

Naturally occurring zirconium is composed of four stable isotopes and one extremely long-lived radioisotope (⁹⁶Zr). The second most stable radioisotope is ⁹³Zr which has a half life of 1.53 million years. Eighteen other radioisotopes have been characterized. Most of these have half lives that are less than a day except ⁹⁵Zr (64.02 days), ⁸⁸Zr (63.4 days), and ⁸⁹Zr (78.41 hours). The primary decay mode is electron capture before ⁹²Zr and the primary mode after is beta decay. A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus. ... A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus. ... 93Zr is a radioisotope of zirconium with a half life of 1. ... Half-Life, often abbreviated as HL or HL1, is a sci-fi first-person shooter computer game developed by Valve Software, first released by Sierra Studios on November 19, 1998. ... Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ...

Precautions

Zirconium rod

Compounds containing zirconium are not noted for toxicity. The metal dust can ignite in air and should be regarded as a major fire and explosion hazard. Zirconium has no biological role. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (800x616, 30 KB) Summary Zirconium rod. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (800x616, 30 KB) Summary Zirconium rod. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

See also

• Zirconium compounds

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Zirconium

External links

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Zirconium

Look up zirconium in
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• WebElements.com – Zirconium
• Links to external chemical sources