22 scandium ← titanium → vanadium - ↑ Ti ↓ Zr Periodic table - Extended periodic table
General
Name, symbol, number	titanium, Ti, 22
Chemical series	transition metals
Group, period, block	4, 4, d
Appearance	silvery grey-white metallic
Standard atomic weight	47.867(1) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 8, 4
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	4.506 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	4.11 g·cm−3
Melting point	1941 K (1668 °C, 3034 °F)
Boiling point	3560 K (3287 °C, 5949 °F)
Heat of fusion	14.15 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	425 kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 25.060 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 1982 2171 (2403) 2692 3064 3558
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1 [2] (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	1.54 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 658.8 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1309.8 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 2652.5 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	176 pm
Covalent radius	136 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 0.420 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 21.9 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 8.6 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) 5090 m·s−1
Young's modulus	116 GPa
Shear modulus	44 GPa
Bulk modulus	110 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.32
Mohs hardness	6.0
Vickers hardness	970 MPa
Brinell hardness	716 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-32-6
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of titanium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 44Ti syn 63 y ε - 44Sc γ 0.07D, 0.08D - 46Ti 8.0% 46Ti is stable with 24 neutrons 47Ti 7.3% 47Ti is stable with 25 neutrons 48Ti 73.8% 48Ti is stable with 26 neutrons 49Ti 5.5% 49Ti is stable with 27 neutrons 50Ti 5.4% 50Ti is stable with 28 neutrons
References
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Titanium (pronounced /taɪˈteɪniəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a light, strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant (including to sea water and chlorine) transition metal with a grayish color. Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, molybdenum, among other elements, to produce strong lightweight alloys for aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial process (chemicals and petro-chemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agri-food, medical (prostheses, orthopaedic implants, dental implants), sporting goods, jewelry, and other applications.^[1] Titanium was discovered in England by William Gregor in 1791 and named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology. General Name, symbol, number scandium, Sc, 21 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 3, 4, d Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 44. ... General Name, symbol, number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 5, 4, d Appearance silver-grey metal Standard atomic weight 50. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zirconium, Zr, 40 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 5, d Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 91. ... Image File history File links Ti-TableImage. ... This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ... An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... Categories: Chemical elements ... sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex... In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc, cadmium and mercury. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... A Group 4 element is an element in periodic table group 4 (IUPAC style) in the periodic table, which consists of: titanium (22) zirconium (40) hafnium (72) rutherfordium (104) All of these elements are classed in Group 4 because their valence shell holds four electrons. ... A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... D Block is a rap group based in Yonkers, New York. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Titanium strips inside a glass jar as part of the Everest Element Set from Russia. ... The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom at rest, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various mass levels between 10−36 kg and 1053 kg. ... Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ... Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ... General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... This box:      For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Room temperature (disambiguation). ... Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of density and is represented as kg/m³, where kg stands for kilogram and m³ stands for cubic metre. ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... The heat of vaporization is a physical property of substances. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... Not to be confused with oxidation state. ... In chemistry, an amphoteric substance is one that can react with either an acid or base (more generally, the word describes something made of, or acting like, two components). ... Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ... These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of atom which forms part of a covalent bond. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... For other senses of this word, see magnetism (disambiguation). ... Paramagnetism is the tendency of the atomic magnetic dipoles, due to quantum-mechanical spin, in a material that is otherwise non-magnetic to align with an external magnetic field. ... // Headline text POOP!! Danny Hornsby (also known as Gnome) is a measure indicating how strongly a Gnome can opposes the flow of electric current. ... K value redirects here. ... During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. ... For other uses, see Speed of sound (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Room temperature (disambiguation). ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ... In solid mechanics, Youngs modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. ... Shear strain In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain:[1] where = shear stress; is the force which acts is the area on which the force acts = shear strain; is... The bulk modulus (K) of a substance essentially measures the substances resistance to uniform compression. ... Figure 1: Rectangular specimen subject to compression, with Poissons ratio circa 0. ... The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. ... A Vickers hardness tester The Vickers hardness test was developed in the early 1920s as an alternative method to measure the hardness of materials. ... The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Titanium (Ti) Standard atomic mass: 47. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... In physics, the decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... The electronvolt (symbol eV) is a unit of energy. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 109 seconds (a gigasecond) and 1010 seconds (32 years and 320 years). ... Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron... General Name, symbol, number scandium, Sc, 21 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 3, 4, d Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 44. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... Delayed nuclear radiation can occur in a nuclear decay. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... See also: List of elements by atomic number In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ... For the hazard, see corrosive. ... Sea water is water from a sea or ocean. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc, cadmium and mercury. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... Aluminum redirects here. ... General Name, symbol, number vanadium, V, 23 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 5, 4, d Appearance silver-grey metal Standard atomic weight 50. ... General Name, Symbol, Number molybdenum, Mo, 42 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 5, d Appearance gray metallic Standard atomic weight 95. ... A Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. ... For other uses, see Missile (disambiguation). ... The Space Shuttle Discovery as seen from the International Space Station. ... Desalination refers to any of several processes that removes the excess salt and minerals from water in order to obtain fresh water suitable for animal consumption or for irrigation, sometimes producing table salt as a byproduct. ... A United States soldier demonstrates Foosball with two prosthetic limbs Jon Comer, Professional skateboarder, gets air with a prosthetic leg. ... An implant is an artificial device made to replace and act as a missing biological structure. ... X-Ray picture of two rectangular dental implants inserted into the jaw. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... William Gregor (25 December 1761 - 11 June 1817) was the English clergyman and mineralogist who discovered the elemental metal titanium. ... Martin Heinrich Klaproth Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German chemist. ... This article is about the race of Titans in Greek mythology. ... The bust of Zeus found at Otricoli (Sala Rotonda, Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican) Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. ...

The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere, and it is found in almost all living things, rocks, water bodies, and soils.^[1] The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores via the Kroll process^[2], or the Hunter process. Its most common compound, titanium dioxide, is used in the manufacture of white pigments.^[3] Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄) (used in smoke screens/skywriting and as a catalyst) and titanium trichloride (used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene).^[1] Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide, TiO2. ... Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic iron-black or steel-gray mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium. ... The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure ductile metallic titanium, and was invented in 1910 by M. A. Hunter, an American chemist. ... Flash point non-flammable Related Compounds Other cations Titanium(II) oxide Titanium(III) oxide Titanium(III,IV) oxide Zirconium dioxide Hafnium dioxide Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium... Titanium tetrachloride (or titanium(IV) chloride) is the chemical compound with the formla TiCl4. ... A U.S. Army Humvee laying a smoke screen A smoke-screen is a release of smoke in order to mask the movement or location of military units such as infantry, tanks or ships. ... Skywriting is the process of using a small aircraft, able to expel special smoke during flight, to fly in certain patterns as to create writing readable by someone on the ground. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... Titanium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula TiCl3. ... Polypropylene lid of a Tic Tacs box, with a living hinge and the resin identification code under its flap Micrograph of polypropylene Polypropylene or polypropene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer, made by the chemical industry and used in a wide variety of applications, including food packaging, ropes, textiles, stationery, plastic...

The two most useful properties of the metal form are corrosion resistance, and the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any metal.^[4] In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, but 45% lighter.^[5] There are two allotropic forms^[6] and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element; ⁴⁶Ti through ⁵⁰Ti with ⁴⁸Ti being the most abundant (73.8%).^[7] Titanium's properties are chemically and physically similar to zirconium. For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ... Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in structure. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zirconium, Zr, 40 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 5, d Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 91. ...

History

Titanium was discovered combined in a mineral in Cornwall, England in 1791 by amateur geologist and pastor William Gregor, the then vicar of Creed parish. He recognized the presence of a new element in ilmenite^[3] when he found black sand by a stream in the nearby parish of Manaccan and noticed the sand was attracted by a magnet. Analysis of the sand determined the presence of two metal oxides; iron oxide (explaining the attraction to the magnet) and 45.25% of a white metallic oxide he could not identify.^[5] Gregor, realizing that the unidentified oxide contained a metal that did not match the properties of any known element, reported his findings to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall and in the German science journal Crell's Annalen.^[8] This article or section should be merged with Timeline of chemical element discovery The story of the discoveries of the chemical elements is presented here in chronological order. ... For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... William Gregor (25 December 1761 - 11 June 1817) was the English clergyman and mineralogist who discovered the elemental metal titanium. ... Creed is a village in Cornwall, England, situated near the town of Grampound. ... Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic iron-black or steel-gray mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. ... A parish is a type of administrative subdivision. ... Manaccan is a village and civil parish in the Kerrier district of Cornwall, England. ... For other uses, see Magnet (disambiguation). ... Iron oxide pigment There are a number of iron oxides: Iron oxides Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide (FeO) The black-coloured powder in particular can cause explosions as it readily ignites. ...

Martin Heinrich Klaproth named titanium for the Titans of Greek mythology.

Around the same time, Franz Joseph Muller also produced a similar substance, but could not identify it.^[3] The oxide was independently rediscovered in 1795 by German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in rutile from Hungary.^[9] Klaproth found that it contained a new element and named it for the Titans of Greek mythology.^[8] After hearing about Gregor's earlier discovery, he obtained a sample of manaccanite and confirmed it contained titanium. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (848x1108, 209 KB) Title: Martin Heinrich Klaproth Year: unknown Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (848x1108, 209 KB) Title: Martin Heinrich Klaproth Year: unknown Source: http://www. ... Martin Heinrich Klaproth Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German chemist. ... This article is about the race of Titans in Greek mythology. ... The bust of Zeus found at Otricoli (Sala Rotonda, Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican) Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. ... Franz-Joseph Müller Freiherr von Reichenstein or Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (Hungarian: ) was a Hungarian mineralogist who discovered Tellurium in 1782. ... Martin Heinrich Klaproth Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German chemist. ... Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide, TiO2. ... This article is about the race of Titans in Greek mythology. ... The bust of Zeus found at Otricoli (Sala Rotonda, Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican) Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. ...

The processes required to extract titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly; it is not possible to reduce in the normal manner, by heating in the presence of carbon, because that produces titanium carbide.^[8] Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter by heating TiCl₄ with sodium in a steel bomb at 700–800 °C in the Hunter process.^[2] Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1946 when William Justin Kroll proved that it could be commercially produced by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium in what came to be known as the Kroll process. Although research continues into more efficient and cheaper processes (e.g., FFC Cambridge), the Kroll process is still used for commercial production.^[3][2] For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... Titanium carbide, TiC, is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ... The Hunter process was the first industrial process to produce pure ductile metallic titanium, and was invented in 1910 by M. A. Hunter, an American chemist. ... William (in fact Guillaume) J. Kroll was born on November 24th 1889 in Esch-sur-Alzette, the then dawning centre of iron industry in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, in the direct neighbourhood of the blast furnace plant Brasseurs Schmelz run by his father. ... Titanium tetrachloride (or titanium(IV) chloride) is the chemical compound with the formla TiCl4. ... General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium. ... The FFC Cambridge Process is an electrochemical method in which solid metal compounds, particularly oxides, are cathodically reduced to the respective metals or alloys in molten salts. ...

A titanium crystal bar made by the iodide process

Titanium of very high purity was made in small quantities when Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer discovered the iodide, or crystal bar, process in 1925, by reacting with iodine and decomposing the formed vapors over a hot filament to pure metal.^[10] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 796 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1360 × 1024 pixel, file size: 284 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 796 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1360 × 1024 pixel, file size: 284 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The crystal bar process (or Iodide process) was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hedrik de Boer in 1925. ... Anton Eduard van Arkel, (s-Gravenzande Netherlands, November 19, 1893 – Leiden, March 14, 1976) was a Dutch chemist. ... The crystal bar process (or Iodide process) was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hedrik de Boer in 1925. ...

In the 1950s and 1960s the Soviet Union pioneered the use of titanium in military and submarine applications (Alfa Class and Mike Class)^[11] as part of programs related to the Cold War.^[12] Starting in the early 1950s, Titanium began to be used extensively for military aviation purposes, particularly in high-performance jets, starting with aircraft such as the F100 Super Sabre and Lockheed A-12. Alfa class submarine at sea. ... It has been proposed below that Soviet submarine K-278 be renamed and moved to Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets. ... F-100A Super Sabre The North American F-100 Super Sabre was a jet fighter aircraft that served with the USAF from 1954 to 1971 and with the ANG until 1979. ... The Lockheed YF-12 was a prototype interceptor aircraft that formed the basis for the SR-71 Blackbird. ...

In the USA, the Department of Defense realized the strategic importance of the metal^[13] and supported early efforts of commercialization.^[14] Throughout the period of the Cold War, titanium was considered a Strategic Material by the U.S. government, and a large stockpile of titanium sponge was maintained by the Defense National Stockpile Center, which was finally depleted in 2005.^[15] Today, the world's largest producer, Russian-based VSMPO-Avisma, is estimated to account for about 29% of the world market share.^[16] The United States Department of Defense (DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the military. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation (Russian: ), where VSMPO stands for Verkhnesaldinskoye metallurgicheskoye proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye (Верхнесалдинское металлургическое производственное объединение, or Metal-producing company of Verkhnyaya Salda), is the worlds largest titanium producer. ...

In 2006, the U.S. Defense Agency awarded $5.7 million to a two-company consortium to develop a new process for making titanium metal powder. Under heat and pressure, the powder can be used to create strong, lightweight items ranging from armor plating to components for the aerospace, transportation, and chemical processing industries.^[17] Powder metallurgy is a forming and fabrication technique consisting of three major processing stages. ...

Characteristics

Physical

A metallic element, titanium is recognized for its high strength-to-weight ratio.^[6] It is a light, strong metal with low density that, when pure, is quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-free environment),^[18] lustrous, and metallic-white in color. The relatively high melting point (over 1,649 °C or 3,000 °F) makes it useful as a refractory metal. This article is about metallic materials. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... Gold is a highly ductile metal Ductility is a mechanical property which describes how much plastic deformation a material can sustain before fracture occurs. ... This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... Refractory metals are a class of metals extraordinarily resistant to heat, wear and corrosion. ...

Commercial (99.2% pure) grades of titanium have ultimate tensile strength of about 63,000 psi (434 MPa), equal to that of some steel alloys, but are 45% lighter.^[5] Titanium is 60% heavier than aluminium, but more than twice as strong^[5] as the most commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Certain titanium alloys (e.g., Beta C) achieve tensile strengths of over 200,000 psi (1380 MPa).^[19] However, titanium loses strength when heated above 430 °C (800 °F).^[5] Tensile strength isthe measures the force required to pull something such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks. ... Pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in²) is a non-SI unit of pressure. ... The megapascal, symbol MPa is an SI unit of pressure. ... Aluminum redirects here. ...

It is fairly hard (although not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel), non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat. Machining requires precautions, as the material will soften and gall if sharp tools and proper cooling methods are not used. Like those made from steel, titanium structures have a fatigue limit which guarantees longevity in some applications.^[20] Fatigue limit, also known as endurance limit, is a property of ferrous iron alloys and titanium [1]. It is the constant amplitude (or range) of cyclic stress that can be applied to a material without causing fatigue failure. ...

The metal is a dimorphic allotrope with the hexagonal alpha form changing into the body-centered cubic (lattice) beta form at 882 °C (1,619 °F).^[5] The heat capacity of the alpha form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls and remains fairly constant for the beta form regardless of temperature.^[5] Similar to zirconium and hafnium, an additional omega phase exists, which is thermodynamically stable at high pressures, but which may exist metastably at ambient pressures. This phase is usually hexagonal (ideal) or trigonal (distorted) and can be viewed as being due to a soft longitudinal acoustic phonon of the beta phase causing collapse of (111) planes of atoms.^[21] Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in structure. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... General Name, Symbol, Number zirconium, Zr, 40 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 5, d Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 91. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hafnium, Hf, 72 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 6, d Appearance grey steel Standard atomic weight 178. ... A regular hexagon A hexagon (also known as sexagon) is a polygon with six edges and six vertices. ... In crystallography, the rhombohedral (or trigonal) crystal system is one of the 7 lattice point groups. ... Normal modes of vibration progression through a crystal. ...

Chemical

The most noted chemical property of titanium is its excellent resistance to corrosion; it is almost as resistant as platinum, capable of withstanding attack by acids, moist chlorine gas, and by common salt solutions.^[6] Pure titanium is not soluble in water but is soluble in concentrated acids.^[22] For the hazard, see corrosive. ... General Name, Symbol, Number platinum, Pt, 78 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 6, d Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 195. ... For other uses, see acid (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... This article is about common table salt. ... Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ...

While the following pourbaix diagram shows that titanium is thermodynamically a very reactive metal, it is slow to react with water and air. A Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, maps out possible stable (equilibrium) phases of an aqueous electrochemical system. ...

The Pourbaix diagram for titanium in pure water, perchloric acid or sodium hydroxide^[23]

This metal forms a passive and protective oxide coating (leading to increased corrosion-resistance) when exposed to elevated temperatures in air, but at room temperatures it resists tarnishing.^[18] When it first forms, this protective layer is only 1–2 nm thick but continues to slowly grow; reaching a thickness of 25 nm in four years.^[8] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, maps out possible stable (equilibrium) phases of an aqueous electrochemical system. ... Passivation is the process of making a material passive in relation to another material prior to using the materials together. ... An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and other elements. ... Tarnish is a layer of corrosion that develops over copper, brass, silver, aluminum as well as a degree of semi-reactive metals as they undergo oxidation. ... A nanometre (American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) (Greek: νάνος, nanos, dwarf; μετρώ, metrÏŒ, count) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre (or one millionth of a millimetre), which is the current SI base unit of length. ...

Titanium burns when heated in air 610 °C (1,130 °F) or higher, forming titanium dioxide.^[6] It is also one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas (it burns at 800 °C or 1,472 °F and forms titanium nitride, which causes embrittlement).^[24] Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, along with chlorine gas, chloride solutions, and most organic acids.^[2] It is paramagnetic (weakly attracted to magnets) and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity.^[18] General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... TiN coated drill Dark gray TiCN coating on a Gerber pocketknife Titanium nitride (TiN) is an extremely hard (~85 Rockwell C Hardness or ~2500 Vickers Hardness)1, ceramic material, often used as a coating on titanium alloy, steel, carbide, and aluminum components to improve the substrates surface properties. ... Sulfuric acid, (also known as sulphuric acid) H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ... Hydrochloric acid is the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. ... An organic acid is an organic compound that is an acid. ... Paramagnetism is the tendency of the atomic magnetic dipoles, due to quantum-mechanical spin, in a material that is otherwise non-magnetic to align with an external magnetic field. ... For other uses, see Magnet (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with electrical conductance, a measure of an objects or circuits ability to conduct an electric current between two points, which is dependent on the electrical conductivity and the geometric dimensions of the conducting object. ... K value redirects here. ...

Experiments have shown that natural titanium becomes radioactive after it is bombarded with deuterons, emitting mainly positrons and hard gamma rays.^[2] When it is red hot the metal combines with oxygen, and when it reaches 550 °C (1,022 °F) it combines with chlorine.^[2] It also reacts with the other halogens and absorbs hydrogen.^[3] Radioactive decay is the set of various processes by which unstable atomic nuclei (nuclides) emit subatomic particles. ... Deuterium (symbol 2H) is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural abundance of one atom in 6500 of hydrogen. ... The first detection of the positron in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson The positron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... This article is about the chemical series. ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...

Occurrence

Titanium is always bonded to other elements in nature. It is the ninth-most abundant element in the Earth's crust (0.63% by mass)^[5] and the seventh-most abundant metal. It is present in most igneous rocks and in sediments derived from them (as well as in living things and natural bodies of water).^[18][2] In fact, of the 801 types of igneous rocks analyzed by the United States Geological Survey, 784 contained titanium.^[5] Its proportion in soils is approximately 0.5 to 1.5%.^[5] This article is about Earth as a planet. ... For other uses, see Mass (disambiguation). ... Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire) are rocks formed by solidification of cooled magma (molten rock), with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks. ... Two types of sedimentary rock: limey shale overlain by limestone. ... InsertSLUTTY WHORES≤ non-formatted text here{| class=toccolours border=1 cellpadding=4 style=float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right; |+ United States Geological Survey |- |style= align=center colspan=2| [[Image:USGS logo. ...

It is widely distributed and occurs primarily in the minerals anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile, titanite (sphene), as well in many iron ores. Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite have any economic importance, yet even they are difficult to find in high concentrations.^[3] Significant titanium-bearing ilmenite deposits exist in western Australia, Canada, China, New Zealand, Norway, and Ukraine. Large quantities of rutile are also mined in North America and South Africa and help contribute to the annual production of 90,000 tonnes of the metal and 4.3 million tonnes of titanium dioxide. Total known reserves of titanium are estimated to exceed 600 million tonnes.^[8] For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ... Three crystals from Gouveia, Minas Gerais, Brazil Anatase is one of the three mineral forms of titanium dioxide (the other two being brookite and rutile). ... Brookite is a mineral consisting of titanium oxide, TiO2, and hence identical with rutile and anatase in composition, but crystallizing in the orthorhombic system (see crystal structure). ... Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic iron-black or steel-gray mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. ... Perovskite (calcium titanium oxide, CaTiO3) is a relatively rare mineral occurring in orthorhombic (pseudocubic) crystals. ... Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide, TiO2. ... Titanite Titanite or sphene is a calcium titanium nesosilicate mineral, CaTiSiO5. ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... North American redirects here. ... This article is about the metric tonne. ...

Titanium is contained in meteorites and has been detected in the sun and in M-type stars;^[2] the coolest type of star with a surface temperature of 3,200 °C (5,792 °F).^[8] Rocks brought back from the moon during the Apollo 17 mission are composed of 12.1% TiO₂.^[2] It is also found in coal ash, plants, and even the human body. Willamette Meteorite A meteorite is a natural object originating in outer space that survives an impact with the Earths surface without being destroyed. ... Sol redirects here. ... In astronomy, stellar classification is a classification of stars based initially on photospheric temperature and its associated spectral characteristics, and subsequently refined in terms of other characteristics. ... This article is about the astronomical object. ... This article is about the geological substance. ... This article is about Earths moon. ... Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program. ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... This article is about modern humans. ...

Production and fabrication

Titanium (Mineral Concentrate)

The processing of titanium metal occurs in 4 major steps:^[26] reduction of titanium ore into "sponge", a porous form; melting of sponge, or sponge plus a master alloy to form an ingot; primary fabrication, where an ingot is converted into general mill products such as billet, bar, plate, sheet, strip, and tube; and secondary fabrication of finished shapes from mill products. Titanium. ... Titanium. ...

Because the metal reacts with oxygen at high temperatures it cannot be produced by reduction of its dioxide. Titanium metal is therefore produced commercially by the Kroll process, a complex and expensive batch process. (The relatively high market value of titanium is mainly due to its processing, which sacrifices another expensive metal, magnesium.^[5]) In the Kroll process, the oxide is first converted to chloride through carbochlorination, whereby chlorine gas is passed over red-hot rutile or ilmenite in the presence of carbon to make TiCl₄. This is condensed and purified by fractional distillation and then reduced with 800 °C molten magnesium in an argon atmosphere.^[6] The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium. ... Batch production is a manufacturing process used to produce or process any product in batches, as opposed to a continuous production process, or a one-off production. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide, TiO2. ... Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic iron-black or steel-gray mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... Titanium tetrachloride (or titanium(IV) chloride) is the chemical compound with the formla TiCl4. ... Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ...

A more recently developed method, the FFC Cambridge process,^[27] may eventually replace the Kroll process. This method uses titanium dioxide powder (which is a refined form of rutile) as feedstock to make the end product which is either a powder or sponge. If mixed oxide powders are used, the product is an alloy manufactured at a much lower cost than the conventional multi-step melting process. The FFC Cambridge process may render titanium a less rare and expensive material for the aerospace industry and the luxury goods market, and could be seen in many products currently manufactured using