16 phosphorus ← sulfur → chlorine O ↑ S ↓ Se Periodic table - Extended periodic table
General
Name, symbol, number	sulfur, S, 16
Chemical series	nonmetals
Group, period, block	16, 3, p
Appearance	Lemon yellow crystals.
Standard atomic weight	32.065(5) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p4
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 6
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	(alpha) 2.07 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	(beta) 1.96 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	(gamma) 1.92 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	1.819 g·cm−3
Melting point	388.36 K (115.21 °C, 239.38 °F)
Boiling point	717.8 K (444.6 °C, 832.3 °F)
Critical point	1314 K, 20.7 MPa
Heat of fusion	(mono) 1.727 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	(mono) 45 kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 22.75 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 375 408 449 508 591 717
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	orthorhombic
Oxidation states	−1, ±2, 4, 6 (strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	2.58 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 999.6 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 2252 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 3357 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	100 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	88 pm
Covalent radius	102 pm
Van der Waals radius	180 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) (amorphous) 2×1015Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) (amorphous) 0.205 W·m−1·K−1
Bulk modulus	7.7 GPa
Mohs hardness	2.0
CAS registry number	7704-34-9
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of sulfur iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 32S 95.02% S is stable with 16 neutrons 33S 0.75% S is stable with 17 neutrons 34S 4.21% S is stable with 18 neutrons 35S syn 87.32 d β- 0.167 35Cl 36S 0.02% S is stable with 20 neutrons
References
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Sulfur or sulphur (pronounced /ˈsʌlfɚ/, see spelling below) is the chemical element that has the symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, tasteless, multivalent non-metal. Sulfur, in its native form, is a yellow crystalline solid. In nature, it can be found as the pure element or as sulfide and sulfate minerals. It is an essential element for life and is found in two amino acids, cysteine and methionine. Its commercial uses are primarily in fertilizers, but it is also widely used in gunpowder, matches, insecticides and fungicides. Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored polyhedron shapes. Look up sulfur, sulphur in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... General Name, symbol, number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colourless (gas) colourless (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... For other uses, see Selenium (disambiguation). ... Sulphur table image created for Wikipedia by Schnee on June 24, 2003, 23:41 UTC. Licensed under the terms of the GNU FDL. File links The following pages link to this file: Sulfur User:Femto/elements e2 Categories: GFDL images ... This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ... An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... Categories: Chemical elements ... sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex sex... Together with the metals and metalloids, a nonmetal is one of three categories of chemical elements as distinguished by ionization and bonding properties. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... The chalcogens are the name for the periodic table group 16 (old-style: VIB or VIA) in the periodic table. ... A period 3 element is one of the chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... The p-block of the periodic table of elements consists of the last six groups. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom at rest, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various mass levels between 10−36 kg and 1053 kg. ... Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ... For other uses, see Neon (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ... 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Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10 pm and 100 pm (10-11 m and 10-12 m). ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of atom which forms part of a covalent bond. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... For other senses of this word, see magnetism (disambiguation). ... // Headline text POOP!! 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Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... The electronvolt (symbol eV) is a unit of energy. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 106 seconds (a megasecond) and 107 seconds (11. ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... See also: List of elements by atomic number In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ... In chemistry, valency is the power of an atom of an element to combine with other atoms measured by the number of electrons which an atom will give, take, or share to form a chemical bond. ... Together with the metals and metalloids, a nonmetal is one of three categories of chemical elements as distinguished by ionization and bonding properties. ... This article is about the physical universe. ... Formally, sulfide is the dianion, S2−, which exists in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions formed from H2S or alkali metal salts such as Li2S, Na2S, and K2S. Sulfide is exceptionally basic and, with a pKa > 14, it does not exist in appreciable concentrations even in highly alkaline water. ... The sulfate anion, SO42− The structure and bonding of the sulfate ion In inorganic chemistry, a sulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; also sulphate in British English) is a salt of sulfuric acid. ... This article is about the class of chemicals. ... Cysteine is a naturally occurring, sulfur-containing amino acid that is found in most proteins, although only in small quantities. ... Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH2SCH3. ... Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (also spelled fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ... Gunpowder (also called black powder) is a pyrotechnic composition, an explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate that burns rapidly, producing volumes of hot solids and gases which can be used as a propellant in firearms and fireworks. ... For other uses, see Match (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ... A Fungicide is one of three main methods of pest control- chemical control of fungi in this case. ... For the game magazine, see Polyhedron (magazine). ...

History

Sulfur crystal from Agrigento, Sicily.

Sulfur (Sanskrit, sulvari; Latin sulfur or sulpur) was known in ancient times, and is referred to in the Biblical Pentateuch (Genesis). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3008x2000, 4247 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sulfur Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3008x2000, 4247 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sulfur Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... Look up Pentateuch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Genesis (disambiguation). ...

English translations of the Bible commonly refer to sulfur as "brimstone", giving rise to the name of 'Fire and brimstone' sermons, in which listeners are reminded of the fate of eternal damnation that awaits the unbelieving and unrepentant. It is from this part of the Bible that Hell is implied to "smell of sulfur", although as mentioned above sulfur is in fact odorless. The "smell of sulfur" usually refers to the odor of hydrogen sulfide, e.g. from rotten eggs. Burning sulfur produces sulfur dioxide, the smell associated with burnt matches. Fire and brimstone is a motif in Christian preaching that uses vivid descriptions of hell and damnation to encourage the listeners to fear divine wrath and punishment. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      A sermon is an oration by... This article is about the theological or philosophical afterlife. ... Hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulphide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula H2S. This colorless, toxic and flammable gas is responsible for the foul odor of rotten eggs and flatulence. ... Sulfur dioxide (or Sulphur dioxide) has the chemical formula SO2. ...

Sulfur was known in China since the 6th century BC, in a natural form that the Chinese had called 'brimstone', or shiliuhuang that was found in Hanzhong.^[1] By the 3rd century, the Chinese discovered that sulfur could be extracted from pyrite.^[1] Chinese Daoists were interested in sulfur's flammability and its reactivity with certain metals, yet its earliest practical uses were found in traditional Chinese medicine.^[1] A Song Dynasty military treatise of 1044 AD described different formulas for Chinese gun powder, which is a mixture of potassium nitrate (KNO₃), carbon, and sulfur. Early alchemists gave sulfur its own alchemical symbol which was a triangle at the top of a cross. Hanzhong (Simplified Chinese: 汉中; Traditional Chinese: 漢中; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hanchung) is a city in Shaanxi province, in central China. ... The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is iron sulfide, FeS2. ... Traditional Chinese medicine shop in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Bianjing (汴京) (960–1127) Linan (臨安) (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960–976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... R-phrases   S-phrases   Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colourless (gas) colourless (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Alchemy (disambiguation). ... Alchemical symbols, originally devised as part of the protoscience of alchemy, were used to denote some elements and some compounds until the 18th century. ...

In the late 1770s, Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was an element and not a compound. In 1867, sulfur was discovered in underground deposits in Louisiana and Texas. The overlying layer of earth was quicksand, prohibiting ordinary mining operations, therefore the Frasch process was used. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794), the father of modern chemistry [1], was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Elemental sulfur deposits are found in volcanic or sedimentary areas of Italy, USA, Russia and the Ukraine. ...

Spelling

The element has traditionally been spelled sulphur in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Hong Kong, the Commonwealth Caribbean, India and New Zealand, but sulfur in the United States, while both spellings are used in Australia and Canada. IUPAC adopted the spelling “sulfur” in 1990, as did the Royal Society of Chemistry Nomenclature Committee in 1992^[2] and the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority for England and Wales recommended its use in 2000.^[3] The spelling of the term in non-official texts is gradually becoming uniform as sulfur. The term Anglophone Caribbean is used to refer to the independent English-speaking countries of the Caribbean region. ... The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to the advancement of chemistry. ... Royal Society of Chemistry The Royal Society of Chemistry is a learned society (professional association) in the United Kingdom with the goal of advancing the chemical sciences. ... The Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) is an Executive Non-Departmental Public Body (NDPB) of the Department for Education and Skills in the United Kingdom. ...

In Latin, the word is variously written sulpur, sulphur, and sulfur (the Oxford Latin Dictionary lists the spellings in this order). It is an original Latin name and not a Classical Greek loan, so the ph variant does not denote the Greek letter φ. Sulfur in Greek is theion (θεῖον), whence comes the prefix thio-. The simplification of the Latin word's p or ph to an f appears to have taken place towards the end of the classical period, with the f spelling becoming dominant in the medieval period. ^[4] The History of Greece extends back to the arrival of the Greeks in Europe some time before 1500 BC, even though there has only been an independent state called Greece since Turkey, Italy and Libya. ... The prefix thio-, when applied to a chemical, such as an ion, denotes that there is at least one extra sulfur atom added to the chemical named in the root word. ...

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of sulfur

Sulfur has 18 isotopes, four of which are stable: ³²S (95.02%), ³³S (0.75%), ³⁴S (4.21%), and ³⁶S (0.02%). Other than ³⁵S, the radioactive isotopes of sulfur are all short lived. ³⁵S is formed from cosmic ray spallation of ⁴⁰argon in the atmosphere. It has a half-life of 87 days. Sulfur (S) Standard atomic mass: 32. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus. ... Cosmic rays can loosely be defined as energetic particles originating outside of the Earth. ... In general, spallation is a process in which fragments of material are ejected from a body due to impact or stress. ... General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ... Air redirects here. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ...

When sulfide minerals are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δS-34 values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. The δC-13 and δS-34 of coexisting carbonates and sulfides can be used to determine the pH and oxygen fugacity of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation. For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... Ball-and-stick model of the carbonate ion, CO32− For other meanings, see Carbonate (disambiguation) In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or ester of carbonic acid. ... For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colourless (gas) colourless (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Fugacity is a measure of the tendency of a substance to prefer one phase (liquid, solid, gas) over another. ...

In most forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites also contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer in hydrologic studies. Differences in the natural abundances can also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the ³⁴S of ecosystem components. Rocky Mountain lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different δS-34 values from lakes believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate. This article is about a community of trees. ... Water covers 70% of the Earths surface. ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Rocky Mountain National Park (photo courtesy of NPS) View of Colorado Rockies. ...

Allotropes

Main article: Allotropes of sulfur

Sulfur forms more than 30 solid allotropes, more than than any other element.^[5] Besides S₈, several other rings are known.^[6] Removing one atom from the crown gives S₇, which is more deeply yellow than S₈. HPLC analysis of "elemental sulfur" reveals an equilibrium mixture of mainly S₈, but also S₇ and small amounts of S₆.^[7] Larger rings have been prepared, including S₁₂ and S₁₈.^[8][9] By contrast, sulfur's lighter neighbor oxygen only exists in two states of allotropic significance: O₂ and O₃. Selenium, the heavier analogue of sulfur can form rings but is more often found as a polymer chain. There are a number of allotropes of sulfur. ... Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in structure. ... Chromatography is a family of analytical chemistry techniques for the separation of mixtures. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colourless (gas) colourless (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... For other uses, see Selenium (disambiguation). ...

Occurrence

Sulfur crystalites at Waiotapu hot springs, New Zealand

Sulfur recovered from hydrocarbons in Alberta, stockpiled for shipment at Vancouver, B. C.

Elemental sulfur can be found near hot springs and volcanic regions in many parts of the world, especially along the Pacific Ring of Fire. Such volcanic deposits are currently mined in Indonesia, Chile, and Japan. Sicily is also famous for its sulfur mines. Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 2227 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 2227 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Green Dragon Spring at Norris Geyser A hot spring is a place where warm or hot groundwater issues from the ground on a regular basis for at least a predictable part of the year, and is significantly above the ambient ground temperature (which is usually around 55~57°F or... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1350x750, 205 KB)Large sulfur pile at North Vancouver, B.C., Canada. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1350x750, 205 KB)Large sulfur pile at North Vancouver, B.C., Canada. ... For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ... Green Dragon Spring at Norris Geyser A hot spring is a place where warm or hot groundwater issues from the ground on a regular basis for at least a predictable part of the year, and is significantly above the ambient ground temperature (which is usually around 55~57 F or... This article is about volcanoes in geology. ... “The Ring of Fire” redirects here. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ...

Significant deposits of elemental sulfur also exist in salt domes along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and in evaporites in eastern Europe and western Asia. The sulfur in these deposits is believed to come from the action of anaerobic bacteria on sulfate minerals, especially gypsum, although apparently native sulfur may be produced by geological processes alone, without the aid of living organisms (see below). However, fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes are the basis for commercial production in the United States, Poland, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. A salt dome is formed when a thick bed of evaporite minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diapir. ... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... A sample of evaporite material Evaporites (IPA: ) are water-soluble, mineral sediments that result from the evaporation of bodies of surficial water. ... An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen. ... For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Selenite be merged into this article or section. ...

Sulfur production through hydrodesulfurization of oil, gas, and the Athabasca Oil Sands has produced a surplus - huge stockpiles of sulfur now exist throughout Alberta, Canada. Hydrodesulfurization is one means of lowering the sulfur content of liquids from oil/coal. ... The Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada. ...

Common naturally occurring sulfur compounds include the sulfide minerals, such as pyrite (iron sulfide), cinnabar (mercury sulfide), galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc sulfide) and stibnite (antimony sulfide); and the sulfates, such as gypsum (calcium sulfate), alunite (potassium aluminium sulfate), and barite (barium sulfate). It occurs naturally in volcanic emissions, such as from hydrothermal vents, and from bacterial action on decaying sulfur-containing organic matter. For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ... The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is iron sulfide, FeS2. ... Cinnabar, sometimes written cinnabarite, is a name applied to red mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), or native vermilion, the common ore of mercury. ... For other uses, see Galena (disambiguation). ... Sphalerite sample Another sphalerite sample The unit cell of sphalerite Sphalerite (ZnS) is a gay mineral that is the chief ore of zinc. ... Stibnite, sometimes also called antimonite, is a sulfide mineral with the chemical composition Sb2S3. ... Alunite, or alumstone, is a mineral that was first observed in the 15th century at Tolfa, near Rome, where it was mined for the manufacture of alum. ... Baryte with Cerussite from Morocco Baryte with Galena and Hematite from Poland Barite (BaSO4) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate. ... A hydrothermal vent A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planets surface from which geothermally heated water issues. ...

The distinctive colors of Jupiter's volcanic moon, Io, are from various forms of molten, solid and gaseous sulfur. There is also a dark area near the Lunar crater Aristarchus that may be a sulfur deposit. Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 70 kPa Hydrogen ~86% Helium ~14% Methane 0. ... Cleveland Volcano in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska photographed from the International Space Station For other uses, see Volcano (disambiguation). ... Atmosphere Surface pressure: trace Composition: 90% sulfur dioxide Io (eye-oe, IPA: , Greek Ῑώ) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter and, with a diameter of 3,642 kilometers, is the fourth largest moon in the Solar System. ... This article is about Earths moon. ... Tycho crater on Earths moon. ... Aristarchus is a prominent lunar impact crater that lies in the northwest part of the Moons near side. ...

Sulfur is present in many types of meteorites. Ordinary chondrites contain on average 2.1% sulfur, and carbonaceous chondrites may contain as much as 6.6%. Sulfur in meteorites is normally present entirely as troilite (FeS), but other sulfides are found in some meteorites, and carbonaceous chondrites contain free sulfur, sulfates, and possibly other sulfur compounds.^[10] Willamette Meteorite A meteorite is a natural object originating in outer space that survives an impact with the Earths surface without being destroyed. ...

Notable characteristics

Sulfur melts to a blood-red liquid. When burned, it emits a blue flame.

At room temperature, sulfur is a soft bright yellow solid. Elemental sulfur has only a faint odor, similar to that of matches. The odor associated with rotten eggs is due to hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and organic sulfur compounds rather than elemental sulfur. Sulfur burns with a blue flame that emits sulfur dioxide, notable for its peculiar suffocating odor. Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide and to a lesser extent in other non-polar organic solvents such as benzene and toluene. Common oxidation states of sulfur include −2, +2, +4 and +6. Sulfur forms stable compounds with all elements except the noble gases. Sulfur in the solid state ordinarily exists as cyclic crown-shaped S₈ molecules. Image File history File links Description: A piece of sulfur burning (daytime / nighttime comparison). ... Image File history File links Description: A piece of sulfur burning (daytime / nighttime comparison). ... Household safety matches burning match A match is a simple and convenient means of producing fire under controlled circumstances and on demand. ... Hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulphide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula H2S. This colorless, toxic and flammable gas is responsible for the foul odor of rotten eggs and flatulence. ... Sulfur dioxide (or Sulphur dioxide) has the chemical formula SO2. ... Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. ... CS2 redirects here. ... For benzine, see petroleum ether. ... Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene. ... In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ... This article is about the chemical series. ...

The structure of the cyclooctasulfur molecule, S₈.

The crystallography of sulfur is complex. Depending on the specific conditions, the sulfur allotropes form several distinct crystal structures, with rhombic and monoclinic S₈ best known. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x804, 137 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sulfur ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x804, 137 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Sulfur ... Crystallography (from the Greek words crystallon = cold drop / frozen drop, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and graphein = write) is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. ... Allotropy (Gr. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... This shape is a Rhombus In geometry, a rhombus (also known as a rhomb) is a parallelogram in which all of the sides are of equal length. ... In crystallography, the monoclinic crystal system is one of the 7 lattice point groups. ...

A noteworthy property of sulfur is that its viscosity in its molten state, unlike most other liquids, increases above temperatures of 200 °C due to the formation of polymers. The molten sulfur assumes a dark red color above this temperature. At higher temperatures, however, the viscosity is decreased as depolymerization occurs. For other uses, see Viscosity (disambiguation). ... A polymer (from Greek: πολυ, polu, many; and μέρος, meros, part) is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. ...

Amorphous or "plastic" sulfur can be produced through the rapid cooling of molten sulfur. X-ray crystallography studies show that the amorphous form may have a helical structure with eight atoms per turn. This form is metastable at room temperature and gradually reverts back to crystalline form. This process happens within a matter of hours to days but can be rapidly catalyzed. An amorphous solid is a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of the atoms. ... X-ray crystallography, also known as single-crystal X-ray diffraction, is the oldest and most common crystallographic method for determining the structure of molecules. ... A helix (pl: helices), from the Greek word έλικας/έλιξ, is a twisted shape like a spring, screw or a spiral (correctly termed helical) staircase. ... Metastability in molecules is the ability of a non-equilibrium chemical state to persist for a long period of time. ...

Extraction

Sulfur is extracted by mainly two processes: the Sicilian process and the Frasch process. The Sicilian process, which was first used in Sicily, was used in ancient times to get sulfur from rocks present in volcanic regions. In this process, the sulfur deposits are piled and stacked in brick kilns built on sloping hillsides, and with airspaces between them. Then powdered sulfur is put on top of the sulfur deposit and ignited. As the sulfur burns, the heat melts the sulfur deposits, causing the molten sulfur to flow down the sloping hillside. The molten sulfur can then be collected in wooden buckets. Elemental sulfur deposits are found in volcanic or sedimentary areas of Italy, USA, Russia and the Ukraine. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ...

The second process used to obtain sulfur is the Frasch process. In this method, three concentric pipes are used: the outermost pipe contains superheated water, which melts the sulfur, and the innermost pipe is filled with hot compressed air, which serves to create foam and pressure. The resulting sulfur foam is then expelled through the middle pipe.

The Frasch process produces sulfur with a 99.5% purity content, and which needs no further purification. The sulfur produced by the Sicilian process must be purified by distillation.

The Claus process is used to extract elemental sulfur from hydrogen sulfide produced in hydrodesulfurization of petroleum or from natural gas. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulphide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula H2S. This colorless, toxic and flammable gas is responsible for the foul odor of rotten eggs and flatulence. ... Hydrodesulfurization is one means of lowering the sulfur content of liquids from oil/coal. ... For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ...

Compounds

Sulfur powder.

Hydrogen sulfide has the characteristic smell of rotten eggs. Dissolved in water, hydrogen sulfide is acidic and will react with metals to form a series of metal sulfides. Natural metal sulfides are common, especially those of iron. Iron sulfide is called pyrite, the so-called fool's gold. Pyrite can show semiconductor properties.^[11] Galena, a naturally occurring lead sulfide, was the first semiconductor discovered, and found a use as a signal rectifier in the "cat's whiskers" of early crystal radios. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 644 KB) Description: Sulfur powder (solution: 2272x1704) Photographer: Serpens, Julian Waldner Source: shot by myself Date: February 5, 2005; 14:46 License: public domain (no copyright), for publishing it is only necessary to publish also the authors name. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 644 KB) Description: Sulfur powder (solution: 2272x1704) Photographer: Serpens, Julian Waldner Source: shot by myself Date: February 5, 2005; 14:46 License: public domain (no copyright), for publishing it is only necessary to publish also the authors name. ... Hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulphide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula H2S. This colorless, toxic and flammable gas is responsible for the foul odor of rotten eggs and flatulence. ... The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is iron sulfide, FeS2. ... For other uses, see Galena (disambiguation). ... A semiconductor is a solid whose electrical conductivity is in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator, and can be controlled over a wide range, either permanently or dynamically. ... AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals A rectifier is an electrical device, comprising one or more semiconductive devices (such as diodes) or vacuum tubes arranged for converting alternating current to direct current. ... An example of a modern set created by VE6AB The crystal radio receiver (also known as a crystal set) is a very simple kind of radio receiver. ...

Many of the unpleasant odors of organic matter are based on sulfur-containing compounds such as methyl and ethyl mercaptan, also used to scent natural gas so that leaks are easily detectable. The odor of garlic and "skunk stink" are also caused by sulfur-containing organic compounds. Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant; for example, grapefruit mercaptan, a sulfur-containing monoterpenoid is responsible for the characteristic scent of grapefruit. Methanethiol (also known as methyl mercaptan) is a colorless gas with a smell like rotten cabbage. ... Ethanethiol, also known as ethyl mercaptan, is an organic compound used as an odorant in propane. ... Binomial name L. Allium sativum L., commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. ... Polecat redirects here. ... Grapefruit mercaptan is the common name for a natural organic compound found in grapefruit. ... Many terpenes are derived from conifer resins, here a pine. ... Binomial name Macfad. ...

Polymeric sulfur nitride has metallic properties even though it does not contain any metal atoms. This compound also has unusual electrical and optical properties. This polymer can be made from tetrasulfur tetranitride S₄N₄. This article is about metallic materials. ... Tetrasulfur tetranitride is an inorganic compound with the formula S4N4. ...

Phosphorus sulfides are useful in synthesis. For example, P₄S₁₀ and its derivatives Lawesson's reagent and naphthalen-1,8-diyl 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide are used to replace oxygen from some organic molecules with sulfur. Lawessons reagent or LR is a chemical compound used in organic synthesis as a thiation agent. ... A compound related to Lawessons reagent named NpP2S4 has been formed by the reaction of 1-bromonaphthalene with P4S10, this is a 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide which has a naphth-1,8-diyl group holding the two phosphorus atoms together. ...

Inorganic sulfur compounds:

The sulfate anion, SO₄²⁻

• Sulfides (S²⁻), a complex family of compounds usually derived from S²⁻. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is an example.
• Sulfites (SO₃²⁻), the salts of sulfurous acid (H₂SO₃) which is generated by dissolving SO₂ in water. Sulfurous acid and the corresponding sulfites are fairly strong reducing agents. Other compounds derived from SO₂ include the pyrosulfite or metabisulfite ion (S₂O₅²⁻).
• Sulfates (SO₄²⁻), the salts of sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid also reacts with SO₃ in equimolar ratios to form pyrosulfuric acid (H₂S₂O₇).
• Thiosulfates (sometimes referred to as thiosulfites or "hyposulfites") (S₂O₃²⁻). Thiosulfates are used in photographic fixing (HYPO) as reducing agents. Ammonium thiosulfate is being investigated as a cyanide replacement in leaching gold.[1]
• Sodium dithionite, Na₂S₂O₄, is the highly reducing dianion derived from hyposulfurous/dithionous acid.
• Sodium dithionate (Na₂S₂O₆).
• Polythionic acids (H₂S_nO₆), where n can range from 3 to 80.
• Peroxymonosulfuric acid (H₂SO₅) and peroxydisulfuric acids (H₂S₂O₈), made from the action of SO₃ on concentrated H₂O₂, and H₂SO₄ on concentrated H₂O₂ respectively.
• Sodium polysulfides (Na₂S_x)
• Sulfur hexafluoride, SF₆, a dense gas at ambient conditions, is used as nonreactive and nontoxic propellant
• Sulfur nitrides are chain and cyclic compounds containing only S and N. Tetrasulfur tetranitride S₄N₄ is an example.
• Thiocyanates contain the SCN⁻ group. Oxidation of thiocyanoate gives thiocyanogen, (SCN)₂ with the connectivity NCS-SCN.

Organic sulfur compounds (where R, R', and R are organic groups such as CH₃): Image File history File links Size of this preview: 604 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1100 × 1091 pixel, file size: 144 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 604 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1100 × 1091 pixel, file size: 144 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Formally, sulfide is the dianion, S2−, which exists in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions formed from H2S or alkali metal salts such as Li2S, Na2S, and K2S. Sulfide is exceptionally basic and, with a pKa > 14, it does not exist in appreciable concentrations even in highly alkaline water. ... Cadmium sulfide (UK English sulphide), the mineral greenockite, is an hexagonal, yellowish crystal with specific gravity of 4. ... Sulfites are sulfur-based compounds often used as preservatives in wines (to prevent spoilage and oxidation,) dried fruits, and dried potato products. ... Sulfurous acid (or sulphurous acid in British spelling) is a name given to aqueous solutions of sulfur dioxide. ... The sulfate anion, SO42− The structure and bonding of the sulfate ion In inorganic chemistry, a sulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; also sulphate in British English) is a salt of sulfuric acid. ... R-phrases S-phrases , , , Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Related strong acids Selenic acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Related compounds Hydrogen sulfide Sulfurous acid Peroxymonosulfuric acid Sulfur trioxide Oleum Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... See oleum ... R-phrases R35 S-phrases Flash point Non flammable Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) (sometimes spelled thiosulphate) is a colorless crystalline compound that is more familiar as the pentahydrate, Na2S2O3... This article is about the chemical compound. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... Sodium dithionite (aka Sodium hydrosulfite) is a toxic, white crystalline powder with a weak sulforous odor. ... Important Compound for organic chemistry. ... Peroxymonosulfuric acid, also known as persulfuric acid and as Caros acid, is H2SO5, a colorless solid melting at 45 °C. In this acid, the S(VI) center adopts its characteristic tetrahedral geometry; the connectivity is indicated by the formula HO-O-S(O)2-OH. H2SO5 is sometimes confused... Potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) is a chemical compound. ... R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , , , , , , Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Related compounds Water Ozone Hydrazine Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in... R-phrases S-phrases , , , Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Related strong acids Selenic acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Related compounds Hydrogen sulfide Sulfurous acid Peroxymonosulfuric acid Sulfur trioxide Oleum Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Sulfur hexafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula SF6. ... Tetrasulfur tetranitride is an inorganic compound with the formula S4N4. ... The structure and bonding of the thiocyanate ion Thiocyanate (also known as sulphocyanate or thiocyanide) is the anion, [SCN]−. Common compounds include the c