For sodium in the diet, see Salt. | | | General | | Name, symbol, number | sodium, Na, 11 | | Chemical series | alkali metals | | Group, period, block | 1, 3, s | | Appearance | silvery white
 | | Standard atomic weight | 22.98976928(2) g·mol−1 | | Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s1 | | Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 1 | | Physical properties | | Phase | solid | | Density (near r.t.) | 0.968 g·cm−3 | | Liquid density at m.p. | 0.927 g·cm−3 | | Melting point | 370.87 K
(97.72 °C, 207.9 °F) | | Boiling point | 1156 K
(883 °C, 1621 °F) | | Critical point | (extrapolated)
2573 K, 35 MPa | | Heat of fusion | 2.60 kJ·mol−1 | | Heat of vaporization | 97.42 kJ·mol−1 | | Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 28.230 J·mol−1·K−1 | Vapor pressure | P/Pa | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k | | at T/K | 554 | 617 | 697 | 802 | 946 | 1153 | | | Atomic properties | | Crystal structure | cubic body centered | | Oxidation states | 1
(strongly basic oxide) | | Electronegativity | 0.93 (Pauling scale) | Ionization energies
(more) | 1st: 495.8 kJ·mol−1 | | 2nd: 4562 kJ·mol−1 | | 3rd: 6910.3 kJ·mol−1 | | Atomic radius | 180 pm | | Atomic radius (calc.) | 190 pm | | Covalent radius | 154 pm | | Van der Waals radius | 227 pm | | Miscellaneous | | Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic | | Electrical resistivity | (20 °C) 47.7 nΩ·m | | Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 142 W·m−1·K−1 | | Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 71 µm·m−1·K−1 | | Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 3200 m/s | | Young's modulus | 10 GPa | | Shear modulus | 3.3 GPa | | Bulk modulus | 6.3 GPa | | Mohs hardness | 0.5 | | Brinell hardness | 0.69 MPa | | CAS registry number | 7440-23-5 | | Selected isotopes | | | | References | | | Sodium (pronounced /ˈsoʊdiəm/) is a chemical element which has the symbol Na (Latin: natrium), atomic number 11, atomic mass 22.9898 g/mol, common oxidation number +1. Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" (formerly known as ‘group IA’). It has only one stable isotope, 23Na. Sodium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 by passing an electric current through molten sodium hydroxide. Sodium quickly oxidizes in air and is violently reactive with water, so it must be stored in an inert medium, such as kerosene. Sodium is present in great quantities in the earth's oceans as sodium chloride (common salt). It is also a component of many minerals, and it is an essential element for animal life. As such, it is classified as a “dietary inorganic macro-mineral.” This article is about common table salt. ...
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General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ...
This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ...
An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ...
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The alkali metals are a series of elements comprising Group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). ...
A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ...
In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ...
A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ...
The alkali metals are a chemical series. ...
A period 3 element is one of the chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ...
The s-block of the periodic table of elements consists of the first two groups: the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, plus hydrogen. ...
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The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom at rest, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. ...
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various mass levels between 10−36 kg and 1053 kg. ...
Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ...
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a chemical element or chemical compound. ...
Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ...
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Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ...
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Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of density and is represented as kg/m³, where kg stands for kilogram and m³ stands for cubic metre. ...
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The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
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In physical chemistry, thermodynamics, chemistry and condensed matter physics, a critical point, also called a critical state, specifies the conditions (temperature, pressure) at which the liquid state of the matter ceases to exist. ...
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Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three. ...
Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ...
The heat of vaporization is a physical property of substances. ...
Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ...
Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval. ...
Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ...
Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ...
Not to be confused with oxidation state. ...
Acids and bases: Acid-base extraction Acid-base reaction Acid dissociation constant Acidity function Buffer solutions pH Proton affinity Self-ionization of water Acids: Lewis acids Mineral acids Organic acids Strong acids Superacids Weak acids Bases: Lewis bases Organic bases Strong bases Superbases Non-nucleophilic bases Weak bases edit In...
Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ...
The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ...
These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ...
Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ...
Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ...
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One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ...
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Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of atom which forms part of a covalent bond. ...
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The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. ...
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Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ...
In solid mechanics, Youngs modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. ...
Shear strain In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain:[1] where = shear stress; is the force which acts is the area on which the force acts = shear strain; is...
The bulk modulus (K) of a substance essentially measures the substances resistance to uniform compression. ...
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. ...
The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ...
CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ...
There are thirteen isotopes of sodium that have been recognized. ...
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Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ...
Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ...
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In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ...
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Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron...
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After absorbing energy, an electron may jump from the ground state to a higher energy excited state. ...
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In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ...
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Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ...
The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ...
Not to be confused with oxidation state. ...
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The alkali metals are a chemical series. ...
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Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet FRS (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829) was a British chemist and physicist. ...
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ...
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Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
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Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl. ...
mccall is cooool Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are present in common organic molecules. ...
Characteristics At room temperature, sodium metal is so soft that it can be easily cut with a knife. In air, the bright silvery luster of freshly exposed sodium will rapidly tarnish. The density of alkali metals generally increases with increasing atomic number, but sodium is denser than potassium. See also: List of elements by atomic number In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ...
General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ...
Chemical properties Compared with other alkali metals, sodium is generally less reactive than potassium and more reactive than lithium,[2] in accordance with "periodic law": for example, their reaction in water, chlorine gas, etc.; the reactivity of their nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates, etc. This article is about the chemical element. ...
In the beginning People have known about basic chemical elements such as gold, silver, and copper from antiquity, as these can all be discovered in nature in native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools. ...
Trinitrate redirects here. ...
The chlorate ion Structure and bonding in the chlorate ion The chlorate ion ClO3−. A chlorate (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +5. ...
Perchlorates are the salts derived from perchloric acid (HClO4). ...
Sodium reacts exothermically with water: small pea-sized pieces will bounce across the surface of the water until they are consumed by it, whereas large pieces will explode. While sodium reacts with water at room temperature, the sodium piece melts with the heat of the reaction to form a sphere, if the reacting sodium piece is large enough. The reaction with water produces very caustic sodium hydroxide (lye) and highly flammable hydrogen gas. These are extreme hazards (see Precautions section below). When burned in air, sodium forms sodium peroxide Na2O2, or with limited oxygen, the oxide Na2O (unlike lithium, the nitride is not formed). If burned in oxygen under pressure, sodium superoxide NaO2 will be produced. In chemistry, an exothermic reaction is one that releases heat. ...
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ...
Sodium peroxide has formula Na2O2. ...
This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
Definition The nitride ion is very very gay and retarded A nitride (compound) is a compound that has nitrogen with more electropositive elements. ...
Sodium superoxide has formula NaO2. ...
In chemistry, most sodium compounds are considered soluble but nature provides examples of many insoluble sodium compounds such as the feldspars. There are other insoluble sodium salts such as sodium bismuthate NaBiO3, sodium octamolybdate Na2Mo8O25• 4H2O, sodium thioplatinate Na4Pt3S6, sodium uranate Na2UO4. Sodium meta-antimonate's 2NaSbO3•7H2O solubility is 0.3g/L as is the pyro form Na2H2Sb2O7• H2O of this salt. Sodium metaphosphate NaPO3 has a soluble and an insoluble form.[3]
Isotopes -
There are thirteen isotopes of sodium that have been recognized. The only stable isotope is 23Na[4]. Sodium has two radioactive cosmogenic isotopes (22Na, half-life = 2.605 years; and 24Na, half-life ≈ 15 hours). There are thirteen isotopes of sodium that have been recognized. ...
Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ...
Radioactive decay is the set of various processes by which unstable atomic nuclei (nuclides) emit subatomic particles. ...
Cosmogenic refers to rare radioactive isotopes created when cosmic radiation interacts with an atomic nucleus. ...
Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ...
Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear criticality accident) converts some of the stable 23Na in human blood plasma to 24Na. By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed. A criticality accident (also sometimes referred to as an excursion or power excursion) occurs when a nuclear chain reaction is accidentally allowed to occur in fissile material, such as enriched uranium or plutonium. ...
Atomic spectral lines When sodium or its compounds are introduced into a flame, they turn the flame a bright yellow color. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2000x3008, 4406 KB) Original caption: Though the caption states that this is a sodium laser, this is actually misleading as the lasing medium in the Starfire Optical Range LIDAR laser seen here is really a dye laser which is tuned to...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2000x3008, 4406 KB) Original caption: Though the caption states that this is a sodium laser, this is actually misleading as the lasing medium in the Starfire Optical Range LIDAR laser seen here is really a dye laser which is tuned to...
A 50W FASOR used at the Starfire Optical Range In physics, a FASOR is an acronym for Frequency Addition Source of Optical Radiation. ...
The Starfire Optical Range, as viewed from a helicopter. ...
A dye laser used at the Starfire Optical Range for LIDAR and laser guide star experiments is tuned to the sodium D line and used to excite sodium atoms in the upper atmosphere. ...
One notable atomic spectral line of sodium vapor is the so-called D-line, which may be observed directly as the sodium flame-test line (see Applications) and also the major light output of low-pressure sodium lamps (these produce an unnatural yellow, rather than the peach-colored glow of high pressure lamps). The D-line is one of the classified Fraunhofer lines observed in the visible spectrum of the sun's electromagnetic radiation. Sodium vapor in the upper layers of the sun creates a dark line in the emitted spectrum of electromagnetic radiation by absorbing visible light in a band of wavelengths around 589.5 nm. This wavelength corresponds to transitions in atomic sodium in which the valence-electron transitions from a 3p to 3s electronic state. Closer examination of the visible spectrum of atomic sodium reveals that the D-line actually consists of two lines called the D1 and D2 lines at 589.6 nm and 589.0 nm, respectively. This fine structure results from a spin-orbit interaction of the valence electron in the 3p electronic state. The spin-orbit interaction couples the spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum of a 3p electron to form two states that are respectively notated as  and  in the LS coupling scheme. The 3s state of the electron gives rise to a single state which is notated as 3s(2S1 / 2) in the LS coupling scheme. The D1-line results from an electronic transition between 3s(2S1 / 2) lower state and upper state. The D2-line results from an electronic transition between 3s(2S1 / 2) lower state and upper state. Even closer examination of the visible spectrum of atomic sodium would reveal that the D-line actually consists of a lot more than two lines. These lines are associated with hyperfine structure of the 3p upper states and 3s lower states. Many different transitions involving visible light near 589.5 nm may occur between the different upper and lower hyperfine levels.[5][6] In physics, atomic spectral lines are of two types: An emission line is formed when an electron makes a transition from a particular discrete energy level of an atom, to a lower energy state, emitting a photon of a particular energy and wavelength. ...
A sodium vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses sodium in an excited state to produce light. ...
A sodium vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses sodium in an excited state to produce light. ...
Solar Fraunhofer lines In physics and optics, the Fraunhofer lines are a set of spectral lines named for the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787--1826). ...
This box: Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is a self-propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. ...
Electronic state is a quantum state of a system consisting of electrons (usually orbitals or chemical bonds in crystals or molecules). ...
In atomic physics, the fine structure describes the splitting of the spectral lines of atoms. ...
Spin-orbit interaction, in quantum mechanics, is a shift in energy levels due to the potential energy of the spin magnetic moment of the electron in the magnetic field it feels as it moves through the electric field of the nucleus. ...
Electronic state is a quantum state of a system consisting of electrons (usually orbitals or chemical bonds in crystals or molecules). ...
In physics, spin refers to the angular momentum intrinsic to a body, as opposed to orbital angular momentum, which is generated by the motion of its center of mass about an external point. ...
The Azimuthal quantum number (or orbital angular momentum quantum number) l is a quantum number for an atomic orbital which determines its orbital angular momentum. ...
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In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is a small perturbation in the energy levels (or spectra) of atoms or molecules due to the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, arising from the interaction of the nuclear magnetic dipole with the magnetic field of the electron. ...
Phase behavior under pressure Under extreme pressure, sodium departs from common melting behavior. Most materials require higher temperatures to melt under pressure than they do at normal atmospheric pressure. This is because they expand on melting due to looser molecular packing in the liquid, and thus pressure forces equilibrium in the direction of the denser solid phase.
At a pressure of 30 gigapascals (300,000 times sea level atmospheric pressure), the melting temperature of sodium begins to drop. At around 100 gigapascals, sodium will melt at near room temperature. A possible explanation for the aberrant behavior of sodium is that this element has one free electron that is pushed closer to the other 10 electrons when placed under pressure, forcing interactions that are not normally present. While under pressure, solid sodium assumes several odd crystal structures suggesting that the liquid might have unusual properties such as superconduction or superfluidity.[7] The gigapascal, symbol GPa is an SI unit of pressure. ...
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Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ...
A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor, cooled with liquid nitrogen. ...
Helium II will creep along surfaces in order to find its own level - after a short while, the levels in the two containers will equalize. ...
Occurrence - See also: Category:Sodium minerals
Owing to its high reactivity, sodium is found in nature only as a compound and never as the free element.
Sodium is relatively abundant in stars and the D spectral lines of this element are among the most prominent in star light. Sodium makes up about 2.6% by weight of the Earth's crust making it the fourth most abundant element overall and the most abundant alkali metal. Though elemental sodium has a rather high vaporization temperature, its relatively high abundance and very intense spectral lines have allowed its presence to be detected by ground telescopes and confirmed by spacecraft (Mariner 10 and MESSENGER) in the thin atmosphere of the planet Mercury.[8] STARS can mean: Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society Special Tactics And Rescue Service, a fictional task force that appears in Capcoms Resident Evil video game franchise. ...
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. ...
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The Mariner 10 probe. ...
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This article is about the planet. ...
Compounds - See also: Category:Sodium compounds
Sodium chloride or halite, better known as common salt, is the most common compound of sodium, but sodium occurs in many other minerals, such as amphibole, cryolite, soda niter and zeolite. Sodium compounds are important to the chemical, glass, metal, paper, petroleum, soap, and textile industries. Hard soaps are generally sodium salt of certain fatty acids (potassium produces softer or liquid soaps). Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl. ...
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For the logical fallacy, see Amphibology. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with sodium hexafluoroaluminate. ...
Soda niter is a mineral form of sodium nitrate, NaNO3, which see for more info. ...
Zeolite The micro-porous molecular structure of a zeolite, ZSM-5 Zeolites (Greek, zein, to boil; lithos, a stone) are minerals that have a micro-porous structure. ...
This article is about the material. ...
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Petro redirects here. ...
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The sodium compounds that are the most important to industries are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na2S2O3 · 5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H2O). General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ...
Sodium carbonate or soda ash, Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ...
For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ...
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), or sodium hydrogen carbonate, also known as baking soda and bicarbonate of soda, is a soluble white anhydrous or crystalline compound, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate. ...
This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ...
Made of Porn and sex things Inhalation respiratory irritation Skin May cause irritation. ...
General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ...
R-phrases R35 S-phrases Flash point Non flammable Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) (sometimes spelled thiosulphate) is a colorless crystalline compound that is more familiar as the pentahydrate, Na2S2O3...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
Borax from Persian burah. ...
For other uses, see Boron (disambiguation). ...
Biological role
Physiology and sodium ions -
Sodium ions are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. Interestingly, although sodium is needed by animals, which maintain high concentrations in their blood and extracellular fluids, the ion is not needed by plants, and is generally phytotoxic. A completely plant-based diet, therefore, will be very low in sodium. This requires some herbivores to obtain their sodium from salt licks and other mineral sources. The animal need for sodium is probably the reason for the highly-conserved ability to taste the sodium ion as "salty." Receptors for the pure salty taste respond best to sodium, otherwise only to a few other small monovalent cations (Li+, NH4+, and somewhat to K+). Calcium ion (Ca2+) also tastes salty and sometimes bitter to some people but like potassium, can trigger other tastes. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
A. A schematic view of an idealized action potential illustrates its various phases as the action potential passes a point on a cell membrane. ...
A salt lick is a salt deposit that animals regularly lick. ...
Taste (or, more formally, gustation) is a form of direct chemoreception and is one of the traditional five senses. ...
For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ...
Sodium ions play a diverse and important role in many physiological processes. Excitable animal cells, for example, rely on the entry of Na+ to cause a depolarization. An example of this is signal transduction in the human central nervous system, which depends on sodium ion motion across the nerve cell membrane, in all nerves. In biology, depolarization is the event a cell undergoes when its membrane potential grows more positive with respect to the extracellular solution. ...
In biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another, most often involving ordered sequences of biochemical reactions inside the cell, that are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers resulting in what is thought of as...
A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...
Some potent neurotoxins, such as batrachotoxin, increase the sodium ion permeability of the cell membranes in nerves and muscles, causing a massive and irreversible depolarization of the membranes, with potentially fatal consequences. However, drugs with smaller effects on sodium ion motion in nerves may have diverse pharmacological effects which range from anti-depressant to anti-seizure actions. A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins such as ion channels. ...
Batrachotoxins are extremely potent cardiotoxic and neurotoxic steroidal alkaloids found in certain species of frogs (poison dart frog), Melyridae beetles and birds (Pitohui, Ifrita kowaldi). ...
The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma or phospholipid bilayer) is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer found in all cells. ...
In biology, depolarization is the event a cell undergoes when its membrane potential grows more positive with respect to the extracellular solution. ...
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Sodium is the primary cation (positive ion) in extracellular fluids in animals and humans. These fluids, such as blood plasma and extracellular fluids in other tissues, bathe cells and carry out transport functions for nutrients and wastes. Sodium is also the principal cation in seawater, although the concentration there is about 3.8 times what it is normally in extracellular body fluids. The electrolyte disturbance hyponatremia or hyponatraemia exists in humans when the sodium level in the plasma falls below 135 mmol/l. ...
Hypernatremia is an electrolyte disturbance consisting of an elevated sodium level in the blood (compare to hyponatremia, meaning a low sodium level). ...
This illustration shows where some types of diuretics act, and what they do. ...
RNA expression pattern Orthologs Human Mouse Entrez Ensembl Uniprot Refseq Location Pubmed search Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a hormone found in most mammals, including humans. ...
A cation is an ion with positive charge. ...
Although the system for maintaining optimal salt and water balance in the body is a complex one, one of the primary ways in which the human body keeps track of loss of body water is that osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a balance of sodium and water concentration in extracellular fluids. Relative loss of body water will cause sodium concentration to rise higher than normal, a condition known as hypernatremia. This ordinarily results in thirst. Conversely, an excess of body water caused by drinking will result in too little sodium in the blood (hyponatremia), a condition which is again sensed by the hypothalamus, causing a decrease in vasopressin hormone secretion from the posterior pituitary, and a consequent loss of water in the urine, which acts to restore blood sodium concentrations to normal. An osmoreceptor is a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus of most homeothermic organisms that detects changes in osmotic pressure. ...
The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ...
Hypernatremia is an electrolyte disturbance consisting of an elevated sodium level in the blood (compare to hyponatremia, meaning a low sodium level). ...
The electrolyte disturbance hyponatremia or hyponatraemia exists in humans when the sodium level in the plasma falls below 135 mmol/l. ...
The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ...
RNA expression pattern Orthologs Human Mouse Entrez Ensembl Uniprot Refseq Location Pubmed search Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a hormone found in most mammals, including humans. ...
The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ...
Severely dehydrated persons, such as people rescued from ocean or desert survival situations, usually have very high blood sodium concentrations. These must be very carefully and slowly returned to normal, since too-rapid correction of hypernatremia may result in brain damage from cellular swelling, as water moves suddenly into cells with high osmolar content. In chemistry, the osmole (Osm) is a non-SI unit of measurement that defines the number of moles of a chemical compound that contribute to a solutions osmotic pressure. ...
Because the hypothalamus/osmoreceptor system ordinarily works well to cause drinking or urination to restore the body's sodium concentrations to normal, this system can be used in medical treatment to regulate the body's total fluid content, by first controlling the body's sodium content. Thus, when a powerful diuretic drug is given which causes the kidneys to excrete sodium, the effect is accompanied by an excretion of body water (water loss accompanies sodium loss). This happens because the kidney is unable to efficiently retain water while excreting large amounts of sodium. In addition, after sodium excretion, the osmoreceptor system may sense lowered sodium concentration in the blood and then direct compensatory urinary water loss in order to correct the hyponatremic (low blood sodium) state. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ...
An osmoreceptor is a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus of most homeothermic organisms that detects changes in osmotic pressure. ...
This illustration shows where some types of diuretics act, and what they do. ...
An osmoreceptor is a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus of most homeothermic organisms that detects changes in osmotic pressure. ...
The electrolyte disturbance hyponatremia or hyponatraemia exists in humans when the sodium level in the plasma falls below 135 mmol/l. ...
In humans, a high-salt intake was demonstrated to attenuate nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium [9] R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Nitric oxide or Nitrogen monoxide is a chemical compound with chemical formula NO. This gas is an important signaling molecule in the body of...
Dietary uses The most common sodium salt, sodium chloride (table salt), is used for seasoning (for example the English word "salad" refers to salt) and warm-climate food preservation, such as pickling and making jerky (the high osmotic content of salt inhibits bacterial and fungal growth). The human requirement for sodium in the diet is about 500 mg per day,[10] which is typically less than a tenth as much as many diets "seasoned to taste." Most people consume far more sodium than is physiologically needed. For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health. Edible salt is a mineral, one of the few rocks people eat. ...
For other uses, see Pickle. ...
Hong Kong style unpackaged jerky Jerky is meat that has been cut into strips trimmed of fat, marinated in a spicy, salty or sweet liquid, and then dried with low heat (usually under 70°C/160°F) or occasionally salted and sun-dried. ...
Applications
 A low pressure sodium lamp, glowing with the light of sodium D spectral lines. Sodium in its metallic form can be used to refine some reactive metals, such as zirconium and potassium, from their compounds. This alkali metal as the Na+ ion is vital to animal life. Other uses: Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...
Image File history File links Na-lamp-3. ...
Image File history File links Na-lamp-3. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number zirconium, Zr, 40 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 4, 5, d Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 91. ...
General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ...
- In certain alloys to improve their structure.
- In soap, in combination with fatty acids. Sodium soaps are harder (higher melting) soaps than potassium soaps.
- To descale metal (make its surface smooth).
- To purify molten metals.
- In sodium vapor lamps, an efficient means of producing light from electricity (see the picture), often used for street lighting in cities. Low-pressure sodium lamps give a distinctive yellow-orange light which consists primarily of the twin sodium D lines. High-pressure sodium lamps give a more natural peach-colored light, composed of wavelengths spread much more widely across the spectrum.
- As a heat transfer fluid in some types of nuclear reactors and inside the hollow valves of high-performance internal combustion engines.
- NaCl, a compound of sodium ions and chloride ions, is an important heat transfer material.
- In organic synthesis, sodium is used as a reducing agent, for example in the Birch reduction.
- In chemistry, sodium is often used either alone or with potassium in an alloy, NaK as a desiccant for drying solvents. Used with benzophenone, it forms an intense blue coloration when the solvent is dry and oxygen-free.
An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ...
For other uses, see Soap (disambiguation). ...
Not to be confused with fats. ...
A low pressure sodium/sodium oxide (LPS/SOX) streetlamp at full power A low pressure sodium/sodium oxide (LPS/SOX) streetlamp at full power (detail) A sodium vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses sodium in an excited state to produce light. ...
Solar Fraunhofer lines In physics and optics, the Fraunhofer lines are a set of spectral lines named for the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787--1826). ...
A coolant, or heat transfer fluid, is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it. ...
Nuclear power station at Leibstadt, Switzerland. ...
// These water valves are operated by handles. ...
A colorized automobile engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ...
Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with formula NaCl. ...
The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. ...
In thermal physics, heat transfer is the passage of thermal energy from a hot to a colder body. ...
Organic synthesis is the construction of organic molecules via chemical processes. ...
ed|other uses|reduction}} Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ...
The Birch reduction is the organic reduction of aromatic rings by sodium in liquid ammonia invented by Arthur Birch. ...
For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ...
General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ...
NaK (often pronounced as such, rhyming with sack) is an alloy of sodium and potassium, and particularly one that is liquid at room temperatures. ...
Benzophenone, also known as diphenylmethanone, phenyl ketone, diphenyl ketone, or benzoylbenzene. ...
This article is about the chemical element and its most stable form, or dioxygen. ...
Commercial production Sodium was first produced commercially in 1855 by thermal reduction of sodium carbonate with carbon at 1100 °C, in what is known as the Deville process.[11] A process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886.[11] Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ...
For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ...
- Na2CO3 (liquid) + 2 C (solid) → 2 Na (vapor) + 3 CO (gas).
It is now produced commercially through the electrolysis of liquid sodium chloride, based on a process patented in 1924.[12][13] This is done in a Downs Cell in which the NaCl is mixed with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 °C. As calcium is less electropositive than sodium, no calcium will be formed at the anode. This method is less expensive than the previous Castner process of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide. In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ...
Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl. ...
The Downs process is a method for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium, in which molten NaCl is electrolyzed in a special apparatus called the Downs cell. ...
R-phrases S-phrases , , Related Compounds Other anions calcium fluoride calcium bromide calcium iodide Other cations magnesium chloride strontium chloride Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...
The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ...
An electropositive atom, or element, is one that easily loses electrons. ...
The Castner process is a process for manufacturing sodium metal. ...
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ...
Very pure sodium can be isolated by the thermal decomposition of sodium azide.[14] Sodium azide (NaN3) is a highly toxic chemical that exists as an odorless white solid. ...
Metallic sodium costs about 15 to 20 US cents per pound (US$0.30/kg to US$0.45/kg) in 1997 but reagent grade (ACS) sodium cost about US$35 per pound (US$75/kg) in 1990. Look up pound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For the band, see 1997 (band). ...
This article is about the year. ...
History
 The flame test for sodium displays a brilliantly bright yellow emission due to the so called "sodium D-lines" at 588.9950 and 589.5924 nanometers. Salt has been an important commodity in human activities, as testified by the English word salary, referring to salarium, the wafers of salt sometimes given to Roman soldiers along with their other wages. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1500x2500, 249 KB) Gas flame used for flame test of sodiumcarbonate. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1500x2500, 249 KB) Gas flame used for flame test of sodiumcarbonate. ...
The fla |
