| | | General | | Name, symbol, number | potassium, K, 19 | | Chemical series | alkali metals | | Group, period, block | 1, 4, s | | Appearance | silvery white
 | | Standard atomic weight | 39.0983(1) g·mol−1 | | Electron configuration | [Ar] 4s1 | | Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 8, 1 | | Physical properties | | Phase | solid | | Density (near r.t.) | 0.89 g·cm−3 | | Liquid density at m.p. | 0.828 g·cm−3 | | Melting point | 336.53 K
(63.38 °C, 146.08 °F) | | Boiling point | 1032 K
(759 °C, 1398 °F) | | Triple point | 336.35 K (63°C), kPa | | Atomic properties | | Crystal structure | cubic body centered | | Oxidation states | 1
(strongly basic oxide) | | Electronegativity | 0.82 (Pauling scale) | Ionization energies
(more) | 1st: 418.8 kJ·mol−1 | | 2nd: 3052 kJ·mol−1 | | 3rd: 4420 kJ·mol−1 | | Atomic radius | 220 pm | | Atomic radius (calc.) | 243 pm | | Covalent radius | 196 pm | | Van der Waals radius | 275 pm | | Miscellaneous | | Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic | | Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 102.5 W·m−1·K−1 | | Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 83.3 µm·m−1·K−1 | | Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 2000 m/s | | Young's modulus | 3.53 GPa | | Shear modulus | 1.3 GPa | | Bulk modulus | 3.1 GPa | | Mohs hardness | 0.4 | | Brinell hardness | 0.363 MPa | | CAS registry number | 7440-09-7 | | Selected isotopes | | | | References | | | Potassium (pronounced /pəˈtæsiəm/) is a chemical element. It has the symbol K (Latin: kalium) and atomic number 19. The name "potassium" comes from the word "potash", as potassium was first isolated from potash. Potassium is a soft silvery-white metallic alkali metal that occurs naturally bound to other elements in seawater and many minerals. It oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the evolved hydrogen. In many respects, potassium and sodium are chemically similar, although they have very different functions in organisms in general, and in animal cells in particular. General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ...
For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ...
For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number rubidium, Rb, 37 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 5, s Appearance grey white Standard atomic weight 85. ...
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An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ...
This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ...
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The alkali metals are a series of elements comprising Group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). ...
A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ...
In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ...
A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ...
The alkali metals are a chemical series. ...
A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ...
The s-block of the periodic table of elements consists of the first two groups: the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, plus hydrogen. ...
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Stylized lithium-7 atom: 3 protons, 4 neutrons & 3 electrons (~1800 times smaller than protons/neutrons). ...
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various mass levels between 10−36 kg and 1053 kg. ...
Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ...
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Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ...
General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ...
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Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ...
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Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of density and is represented as kg/m³, where kg stands for kilogram and m³ stands for cubic metre. ...
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The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ...
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In physics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance may coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. ...
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Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ...
Not to be confused with oxidation state. ...
Acids and bases: Acid-base extraction Acid-base reaction Acid dissociation constant Acidity function Buffer solutions pH Proton affinity Self-ionization of water Acids: Lewis acids Mineral acids Organic acids Strong acids Superacids Weak acids Bases: Lewis bases Organic bases Strong bases Superbases Non-nucleophilic bases Weak bases edit In...
Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ...
The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ...
These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ...
Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ...
Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius Van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ...
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One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ...
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Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of atom which forms part of a covalent bond. ...
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The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. ...
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K value redirects here. ...
During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. ...
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Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ...
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Shear strain In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain:[1] where = shear stress; is the force which acts is the area on which the force acts = shear strain; is...
The bulk modulus (K) of a substance essentially measures the substances resistance to uniform compression. ...
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. ...
The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ...
CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ...
Potassium (K) Standard atomic mass: 39. ...
For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ...
Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ...
Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ...
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The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ...
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To help compare orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 1016 seconds (320 million years) and 1017 seconds (3200 million years). ...
In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ...
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Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron...
General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ...
Positron emission is a type of beta decay, sometimes referred to as beta plus (β+). In beta plus decay, a proton is converted to a neutron via the weak nuclear force and a beta plus particle (a positron) and a neutrino are emitted. ...
General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ...
Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ...
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Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ...
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Potash Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of potassium carbonate (K2CO3). ...
The alkali metals are a series of elements comprising Group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). ...
Annual mean sea surface salinity for the World Ocean. ...
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ed|other uses|reduction}} Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ...
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Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ...
A chemical substance is any material substance used in or obtained by a process in chemistry: A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more chemical elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions. ...
Occurrence - See also: Category:Potassium minerals
Potassium metal is never found free, as it reacts violently with the abundant water in nature.[1] As various compounds, potassium makes up about 1.5% of the weight of the Earth's crust and is the seventh most abundant element.[1] As it is very electropositive, potassium metal is difficult to obtain from its minerals. Potassium salts such as carnallite, langbeinite, polyhalite, and sylvite form extensive deposits in ancient lake and seabeds, making extraction of potassium salts in these environments commercially viable. The principal source of potassium, potash, is mined in Saskatchewan, California, Germany, New Mexico, Utah, and in other places around the world. Three thousand feet below the surface of Saskatchewan are large deposits of potash which are important sources of this element and its salts, with several large mines in operation since the 1960s. Saskatchewan pioneered the use of freezing of wet sands (the Blairmore formation) in order to drive mine shafts through them. The main mining company is the Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan. The oceans are another source of potassium, but the quantity present in a given volume of seawater is relatively low compared with sodium. Potassium feldspar Source: US Government File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Potassium feldspar Source: US Government File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. ...
An electropositive atom, or element, is one that easily loses electrons. ...
CarnalliteBold text ...
Langbeinite is a potassium magnesium sulfate mineral with formula: K2Mg2(SO4)3. ...
Polyhalite is a mineral, a hydrated sulphate of potassium, Calcium and Magnesium, formula (K.Ca)2. ...
Sylvite is potassium chloride (KCl) in natural mineral form. ...
The seabed (also sea floor, seafloor, or ocean floor) is the bottom of the ocean. ...
Potash Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of potassium carbonate (K2CO3). ...
For other uses, see Saskatchewan (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the U.S. state. ...
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This article is about the U.S. state. ...
For other uses, see Saskatchewan (disambiguation). ...
The Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan, today generally referred to as PotashCorp, is a Canadian corporation that is the worlds largest producer of potash. ...
Animated map exhibiting the worlds oceanic waters. ...
Production Pure potassium metal can be isolated by electrolysis of its hydroxide in a process that has changed little since Davy.[1] Thermal methods also are employed in potassium production, using potassium chloride.[citation needed] In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ...
The chemical compound potassium hydroxide, (KOH) sometimes known as caustic potash, potassa, potash lye, and potassium hydrate, is a metallic base. ...
Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet FRS (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829) was a British chemist and physicist. ...
The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. ...
Isotopes -
There are 24 known isotopes of potassium. Three isotopes occur naturally: 39K (93.3%), 40K (0.0117%) and 41K (6.7%). Naturally occurring 40K decays to stable 40Ar (11.2%) by electron capture and by positron emission, and decays to stable 40Ca (88.8%) by beta decay; 40K has a half-life of 1.250×109 years. The decay of 40K to 40Ar enables a commonly used method for dating rocks. The conventional K-Ar dating method depends on the assumption that the rocks contained no argon at the time of formation and that all the subsequent radiogenic argon (i.e., 40Ar) was quantitatively retained. Minerals are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic 40Ar that has accumulated. The minerals that are best suited for dating include biotite, muscovite, plutonic/high grade metamorphic hornblende, and volcanic feldspar; whole rock samples from volcanic flows and shallow instrusives can also be dated if they are unaltered. Potassium (K) Standard atomic mass: 39. ...
For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ...
General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ...
Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron...
Positron emission is a type of beta decay, sometimes referred to as beta plus (β+). In beta plus decay, a proton is converted to a neutron via the weak nuclear force and a beta plus particle (a positron) and a neutrino are emitted. ...
For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ...
In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ...
Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ...
Potassium-argon or K-Ar dating is a geochronological method used in many geoscience disciplines. ...
For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ...
A Biotite slice Biotite is a common phyllosilicate mineral that contains potassium, magnesium, iron and aluminium. ...
This article is about the mineral. ...
Amphibole (Hornblende) Hornblende is a complex inosilicate series of minerals. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Outside of dating, potassium isotopes have been used extensively as tracers in studies of weathering. They have also been used for nutrient cycling studies because potassium is a macronutrient required for life. A radioactive tracer is a substance containing a radioactive isotope (radioisotope). ...
Weathering is the decomposition of rocks, soils and their minerals through direct contact with the Earths atmosphere. ...
In ecology and Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle is a circuit or pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (bio-) and abiotic (geo-) compartments of an ecosystem. ...
A macronutrient in ecology is an essential chemical element needed in large quantities by all living things in order to function normally. ...
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40K occurs in natural potassium (and thus in some commercial salt substitutes) in sufficient quantity that large bags of those substitutes can be used as a radioactive source for classroom demonstrations. In healthy animals and people, 40K represents the largest source of radioactivity, greater even than 14C. In a human body of 70 kg mass, about 4,400 nuclei of 40K decay per second.[2]
The activity of natural potassium is 31 Bq/g. For other uses, see Becquerel (disambiguation). ...
Properties
Physical properties Potassium is the second least dense metal; only lithium is less dense. It is a soft, low-melting solid that can easily be cut with a knife. Freshly cut potassium is silvery in appearance, but in air it begins to tarnish toward grey immediately.[1] Image File history File links FlammenfärbungK.png‎ Flame test Kalium, violett Source: German Wikipedia, original upload 24. ...
Image File history File links FlammenfärbungK.png‎ Flame test Kalium, violett Source: German Wikipedia, original upload 24. ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
In a flame test, potassium and its compounds emit a pale violet color, which may be masked by the strong yellow emission of sodium if it is also present. Cobalt glass can be used to filter out the yellow sodium color.[3] Potassium concentration in solution is commonly determined by flame photometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma, or ion selective electrodes. The flame test carried out on a copper halide. ...
Cobalt Glass Bromo-Seltzer bottle Cobalt glass is a deep blue colored glass prepared by adding cobalt compounds to the molten glass. ...
A photoelectric flame photometer is a device used in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions. ...
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Picture of an analytical ICP viewed through green welders glass An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a type of plasma source in which the energy is supplied by electrical currents which are produced by electromagnetic induction, that is, by time-varying magnetic fields. ...
An ion selective electrode (ISE) is an electrode designed to respond to only one type of ion. ...
Chemical properties Potassium must be protected from air for storage to prevent disintegration of the metal from oxide and hydroxide corrosion. Often samples are maintained under a reducing medium such as kerosene. ed|other uses|reduction}} Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ...
For other uses, see Kerosene (disambiguation). ...
Like the other alkali metals, potassium reacts violently with water, producing hydrogen. The reaction is notably more violent than that of lithium or sodium with water, and is sufficiently exothermic that the evolved hydrogen gas ignites. This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ...
- 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → H2(g) + 2KOH(aq)
Because potassium reacts quickly with even traces of water, and its reaction products are nonvolatile, it is sometimes used alone, or as NaK (an alloy with sodium which is liquid at room temperature) to dry solvents prior to distillation. In this role, it serves as a potent desiccant. NaK (often pronounced as such, rhyming with sack) is an alloy of sodium and potassium, and particularly one that is liquid at room temperatures. ...
For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ...
For other uses, see Solvent (disambiguation). ...
A dessicant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness (desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container. ...
Potassium hydroxide reacts strongly with carbon dioxide to produce potassium carbonate, and is used to remove traces of CO2 from air.
Potassium compounds generally have excellent water solubility, due to the high hydration energy of the K+ ion. The potassium ion is colorless in water.
Methods of separating potassium by precipitation, sometimes used for gravimetric analysis, include the use of sodium tetraphenyl boron, hexachloroplatinic acid, and sodium cobaltinitrite. Gravimetric analysis is a quantitative chemical analysis done by weighing a sample of a purified and dried precipitate. ...
Sodium cobaltinitrite, Na3Co(NO2)6, is a compound that is used to test for potassium and ammonium ions (provided that other cations are absent), because although the sodium salt is soluble, those of potassium and ammonium are insoluble due to the large size of the potassium and ammonium ions. ...
Potassium cations in the body
Biochemical function -
Potassium ions, (generally referred to as "postasium") are important in neuron (brain and nerve) function, and in influencing osmotic balance between cells and the interstitial fluid.[4]. It is also the major cation in animal cells. A. A schematic view of an idealized action potential illustrates its various phases as the action potential passes a point on a cell membrane. ...
An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. ...
This article is about cells in the nervous system. ...
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Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the bodys water content; that is it keeps the bodys fluids from becoming too dilute or too concentrated. ...
In some animals, including mammals, the two types of extracellular fluids are interstitial fluid and blood plasma. ...
A cation is an ion with positive charge. ...
Potassium may be detected by taste because it triggers three of the five types of tastebuds, according to concentration. Dilute solutions of potassium ion taste sweet (allowing moderate concentrations in milk and juices), while higher concentrations become increasingly bitter/alkaline, and finally also salty to the taste. The combined bitterness and saltiness of high potassium content solutions makes high-dose potassium supplementation by liquid drinks a palatability challenge.[citation needed]
Membrane polarization Potassium is also important in allowing muscle contraction and the sending of all nerve impulses in animals through action potentials. By nature of their electrostatic and chemical properties, K+ ions are larger than Na+ ions, and ion channels and pumps in cell membranes can distinguish between the two types of ions, actively pumping or passively allowing one of the two ions to pass, while blocking the other. [5] A top-down view of skeletal muscle A muscle contraction (also known as a muscle twitch or simply twitch) occurs when a muscle fiber generates tension through the action of actin and myosin cross-bridge cycling. ...
A. A schematic view of an idealized action potential illustrates its various phases as the action potential passes a point on a cell membrane. ...
A shortage of potassium in body fluids may cause a potentially fatal condition known as hypokalemia, typically resulting from diarrhea, increased diuresis and vomiting. Deficiency symptoms include muscle weakness, paralytic ileus, ECG abnormalities, decreased reflex response and in severe cases respiratory paralysis, alkalosis and cardiac arrhythmia. Hypokalemia is a potentially fatal condition in which the body fails to retain sufficient potassium to maintain health. ...
In medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences), refers to frequent loose or liquid bowel movements. ...
Diuresis is the production of urine by the kidney. ...
Alkalosis refers to a condition reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma. ...
Cardiac arrhythmia is any of a group of conditions in which the electrical activity of the heart is irregular or is faster or slower than normal. ...
Filtration and excretion Potassium is an essential mineral micronutrient in human nutrition; it is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells, and it is thus important in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. Sodium makes up most of the cations of blood plasma at about 145 milliequivalents per liter (3345 milligrams) and potassium makes up most of the cell fluid cations at about 150 milliequivalents per liter (4800 milligrams). Plasma is filtered through the glomerulus of the kidneys in enormous amounts, about 180 liters per day.[6] Thus 602,000 milligrams of sodium and 33,000 milligrams of potassium are filtered each day. All but the 1000-10,000 milligrams of sodium and the 1000-4000 milligrams of potassium likely to be in the diet must be reabsorbed. Sodium must be reabsorbed in such a way as to keep the blood volume exactly right and the osmotic pressure correct; potassium must be reabsorbed in such a way as to keep serum concentration as close as possible to 4.8 milliequivalents (about 190 milligrams) per liter.[7] Sodium pumps must always operate to conserve sodium. Potassium must sometimes be conserved also, but since the amount of potassium in the blood plasma is very small and the pool of potassium in the cells is about thirty times as large, the situation is not so critical for potassium. Since potassium is moved passively[8][9] in counter flow to sodium in response to an apparent (but not actual) Donnan equilibrium,[10] the urine can never sink below the concentration of potassium in serum except sometimes by actively excreting water at the end of the processing. Potassium is secreted twice and reabsorbed three times before the urine reaches the collecting tubules.[11] At that point, it usually has about the same potassium concentration as plasma. If potassium were removed from the diet, there would remain a minimum obligatory kidney excretion of about 200 mg per day when the serum declines to 3.0-3.5 milliequivalents per liter in about one week,[12] and can never be cut off completely. Because it cannot be cut off completely, death will result when the whole body potassium declines to the vicinity of one-half full capacity. At the end of the processing, potassium is secreted one more time if the serum levels are too high. An electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium. ...
For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ...
An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. ...
Glomerulus refers to two unrelated structures in the body, both named for their globular form. ...
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The potassium moves passively through pores in the cell wall. When ions move through pumps there is a gate in the pumps on either side of the cell wall and only one gate can be open at once. As a result 100 ions are forced through per second. Pores have only one gate and there one kind of ion only can stream through at 10 million to 100 million ions per second.[13] The pores require calcium in order to open[14] although it is thought that the calcium works in reverse by blocking at least one of the pores.[15] Carbonyl groups inside the pore on the amino acids mimics the water hydration that takes place in water solution[16] by the nature of the electrostatic charges on four carbonyl groups inside the pore.[17]
Potassium in the diet Adequate intake can generally be guaranteed by eating a variety of foods containing potassium and deficiency is rare in healthy individuals eating a balanced diet. Foods with high sources of potassium include orange juice, potatoes, bananas, avocados, tomatoes, broccoli, soybeans and apricots, although it is also common in most fruits, vegetables and meats [18]. Diets high in potassium can reduce the risk of hypertension and a potassium deficiency combined with an inadequate thiamine intake has produced heart disease in rats.[19] The 2004 guidelines of the Institute of Medicine specify a DRI of 4,000mg of potassium, though most Americans consume only half that amount per day.[20] Similarly, in the European Union, particularly in Germany and Italy, insufficient potassium intake is somewhat common.[21] For other uses, see Orange juice (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Binomial name Mill. ...
For other uses, see Tomato (disambiguation). ...
Broccoli is a plant of the Cabbage family, Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae). ...
Binomial name Glycine max Soybeans (US) or soya beans (UK) (Glycine max) are a high-protein legume (Family Fabaceae) grown as food for both humans and livestock. ...
Binomial name Prunus armeniaca L. For other uses, see Apricot (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Vegetable (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Meat (disambiguation). ...
For other forms of hypertension, see Hypertension (disambiguation). ...
For the similarly spelled nucleic acid, see Thymine Thiamine or thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is one of the B vitamins. ...
Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Institute of Medicine, a part of the National Academy of Sciences, is an American organization whose purpose is to provide national advice on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine, and health (National Academy of Sciences, n. ...
The Dietary Reference Intake is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine of the USA National Academy (IOM). ...
Supplements of potassium in medicine are most widely used in conjunction with loop diuretics and thiazides, classes of diuretics which rid the body of sodium and water, but have the side effect of also causing potassium loss in urine. A variety of medical supplements are available. If potassium supplements are used, such as sodium free baking powder and sodium free table salt, inadequate thiamine can cause beriberi.[22][23][citation needed] Loop diuretics are diuretics that act on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney. ...
Thiazides are a class of drug that promote water loss from the body ((diuretics)). They inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys. ...
For the similarly spelled nucleic acid, see Thymine Thiamine or thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is one of the B vitamins. ...
Beriberi is a nervous system ailment caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. ...
Individuals suffering from kidney diseases may suffer adverse health effects from consuming large quantities of dietary potassium. End stage renal failure patients undergoing therapy by renal dialysis must observe strict dietary limits on potassium intake, since the kidneys control potassium excretion, and buildup of blood concentrations of potassium may trigger fatal cardiac arrhythmia. Acute hyperkalemia can be reduced through eating baking soda,[24] or glucose,[25][26] hyperventilation[27] and perspiration.[28] The kidneys are the organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ...
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years through five stages. ...
This article is about clinical dialysis; for the laboratory technique, see Dialysis (biochemistry) In medicine, dialysis is a method for removing waste such as urea from the blood when the kidneys are incapable of this, i. ...
Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level (above 5. ...
Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ...
In medicine, hyperventilation (or hyperpnea) is the state of breathing faster or deeper (hyper) than necessary, and thereby reducing the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood below normal. ...
Perspiration (also called sweating or sometimes transpiration) is the production and evaporation of a fluid, consisting primarily of water as well as a smaller amount of sodium chloride (the main constituent of table salt), that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. ...
Applications
Biological applications Potassium is an essential component of plant nutrition and is found in most soil types. Its primary use in agriculture, horticulture and hydroponic culture as a fertilizer as the chloride (KCl), sulfate (K2SO4) or nitrate (KNO3). For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ...
Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland For other uses, see Soil (disambiguation). ...
Horticulture (pronounced or US [1]) is the art and science of the cultivation of plants. ...
Hydroponics is the growing of plants without soil. ...
Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (also spelled fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either through the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ...
The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. ...
Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) (also known as potash of sulfur) is a non-flammable white crystalline salt which is soluble in water. ...
R-phrases S-phrases Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...
In animal cells, potassium ions are vital to keeping cells alive (see Na-K pump). For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ...
Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
Food applications Potassium is a nutrient necessary for human life and health. Potassium chloride is used as a substitute for table salt by those seeking to reduce sodium intake so as to control hypertension. Good dietary sources of potassium include celery juice.[29] The USDA lists tomato paste, orange juice, beet greens, white beans, bananas, and many other good dietary sources of potassium, ranked according to potassium content per measure shown.[30] The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. ...
Edible salt is a mineral, one of the few rocks people eat. ...
For other forms of hypertension, see Hypertension (disambiguation). ...
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA, is a Cabinet department of the United States Federal Government. ...
Potassium sodium tartrate, or Rochelle salt (KNaC4H4O6) is the main constituent of baking powder. Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is a strong oxidiser, used as a flour improver (E924) to improve dough strength and rise height. Potassium sodium tartrate is a double salt first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France. ...
[[Image:PIPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPbe caused by ingredients like buttermilk, lemon, yoghurt, citrus, or honey. ...
Potassium bromate (KBrO3), is a bromate of potassium and takes the form of white crystals or powder. ...
The sulfite compound, Potassium bisulfite (KHSO3) is used as a food preservative, for example in wine and beer-making (but not in meats). It is also used to bleach textiles and straw, and in the tanning of leathers. Sulfites (also sulphite) are compounds that contain the sulfite ion SO32−. They are often used as preservatives in wines (to prevent spoilage and oxidation), dried fruits, and dried potato products. ...
Potassium hydrogen sulfite or potassium bisulfite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula KHSO3. ...
For other uses, see Wine (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Beer (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemical whitener. ...
For other uses, see Leather (disambiguation). ...
Non-dietary uses of potassium chloride include its use to stop the heart, e.g. in cardiac surgery and in a solution used in executions by lethal injection. The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. ...
Cardiac surgery is surgery on the heart, typically to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (e. ...
This article is about the execution and euthanasia method. ...
Industrial applications Potassium vapor is used in several types of magnetometers. An alloy of sodium and potassium, NaK (usually pronounced "nack"), that is liquid at room temperature, is used as a heat-transfer medium. It can also be used as a desiccant for producing dry and air-free solvents. A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the instrument. ...
Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. ...
NaK (often pronounced as such, rhyming with sack) is an alloy of sodium and potassium, and particularly one that is liquid at room temperatures. ...
A dessicant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness (desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container. ...
Potassium metal reacts vigorously with all of the halogens to form the corresponding potassium halides, which are white, water-soluble salts with cubic crystal morphology. Potassium bromide (KBr), potassium iodide (KI) and potassium chloride (KCl) are used in photographic emulsion to make the corresponding photosensitive silver halides. The cubic crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. ...
Potassium bromide (KBr) is a salt, used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the 1800s. ...
R-phrases 36, 38, 42-43, 61 S-phrases 26, 36-37, 39, 45 Related Compounds Other anions potassium bromide potassium chloride Other cations lithium iodide sodium iodide rubidium iodide caesium iodide Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa...
The chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. ...
Silver-gelatin photographic paper, film and plates are made by coating sensitizing material called emulsion, consisting of silver halide crystals dispersed in gelatin, on a substrate material, which may be glass, plastic film, paper or fabric. ...
Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving photons of light. ...
A silver halide is one of the compounds formed between silver and one of the halogens, usually silver bromide (AgBr), silver chloride (AgCl) and silver iodide (AgI). ...
Potassium hydroxide KOH is a strong base, used in industry to neutralize strong and weak acids and thereby finding uses in pH control and in the manufacture of potassium salts. Potassium hydroxide is also used to saponify fats and oils and in hydrolysis reactions, for example of esters and in industrial cleaners. The chemical compound potassium hydroxide, (KOH) sometimes known as caustic potash, potassa, potash lye, and potassium hydrate, is a metallic base. ...
For other uses, see acid (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the term salt as referred to in chemistry. ...
Saponification of a lipid with potassium hydroxide. ...
For other uses, see FAT. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ...
Oil painting is done on surfaces with pigment ground into a medium of oil - especially in early modern Europe, linseed oil. ...
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound is broken down by reaction with water. ...
For the Biblical Ester, see Esther. ...
Potassium nitrate KNO3 or saltpeter is obtained from natural sources such as guano and evaporites or manufactured by the Haber process and is the oxidant in gunpowder (black powder) and an important agricultural fertilizer. Potassium cyanide KCN is used industrially to dissolve copper and precious metals particularly silver and gold by forming complexes; applications include gold mining, electroplating and electroforming of these metals. It is also used in organic synthesis to make nitriles. Potassium carbonate K2CO3, also known as potash, is used in the manufacture of glass and soap and as a mild desiccant. R-phrases S-phrases Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...
The Chincha guano islands in Peru. ...
Evaporites are sediments formed when mineral rich water evaporates. ...
The Haber process (also known as Haber–Bosch process) is the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen, over an iron-substrate, to produce ammonia [1] [2] [3]. The Haber process is important because ammonia is difficult to produce, on an industrial scale. ...
An oxidizing agent is a substance that oxidizes another substance in electrochemistry or redox chemical reactions in general. ...
A modern black powder substitute for muzzleloading rifles in FFG size Gunpowder (also called black powder) is a pyrotechnic composition, an explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre or saltpeter) that burns rapidly, producing volumes of hot solids and gases which can be used as...
Black powder was the original gunpowder and practically the only known propellant and explosive until the middle of the 19th century. ...
Potassium cyanide is the inorganic compound with the formula KCN. This colorless crystalline compound, similar in appearance to sugar, is highly soluble in water. ...
For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ...
Synthesis of copper(II)-tetraphenylporphine, a metal complex, from tetraphenylporphine and copper(II) acetate monohydrate. ...
Gold mining consists of the processes and techniques employed in the removal of gold from the ground. ...
Electroplating is the process of using Davd lloyd current to coat an electrically conductive object with a relatively thin layer of metal. ...
Electroforming is a highly specialized process of metal part fabrication using electrodeposition in a plating bath over a base form or mandrel which is subsequently removed. ...
This article is about metallic materials. ...
Organic synthesis is the construction of organic molecules via chemical processes. ...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
Flash point Not flammable Related Compounds Other cations Lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, caesium carbonate Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Potassium carbonate is a white salt, soluble in water (insoluble in alcohol), which forms...
Potassium chromate (K2CrO4) is used in dyes and stains (bright yellowish-red colour), in explosives and fireworks, in safety matches, in the tanning of leather and in fly paper. Potassium fluorosilicate (K2SiF6) is used in specialized glasses, ceramics, and enamels. Potassium sodium tartrate, or Rochelle salt (KNaC4H4O6) is used in the silvering of mirrors. Potassium Chromate is a yellow chemical indicator used for Identifying concentrations of Chloride ions in a salt solution with Silver nitrate. ...
Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For other uses, see Stain (disambiguation). ...
This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. ...
For other uses, see Fireworks (disambiguation). ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
This article is about ceramic materials. ...
In a discussion of art technology, enamel (or vitreous enamel, or porcelain enamel in American English) is the colorful result of fusion of powdered glass to a substrate through the process of firing, usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius. ...
Potassium sodium tartrate is a double salt first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France. ...
Silvering is the chemical process of coating glass with a reflective substance, originally silver, in order to create a mirror. ...
This article is about wave reflectors (mainly, specular reflection of visible light). ...
The superoxide KO2 is an orange coloured solid used as a portable source of oxygen and as a carbon dioxide absorber. It is useful in portable respiration systems. It is widely used in submarines and spacecrafts as it takes extreamely less volume than O2(g). Lewis electron configuration of superoxide. ...
This article is about the breathing apparatus. ...
4KO2 + 2CO2 --- 2K2CO3 + O2 4KO2 + 4CO2 --- 4KHCO3 + 3O2 |
